Boosterism or Audience Interest?: An Examination of Self-Promotion on Sports-Network Highlight Shows

The Ball Game Is for the Boys: The Visual Framing of Female Athletes on National Sports Networks’ Instagram Accounts

“…In addition, in following previous research (Duncan & Sayaovong 1990; Hardin et al, 2002), images were not coded for the specific sport represented in the image, only the nature of the sport—such as strength or aesthetic sports—following the trends of previous research. Scholarship has shown that SNs do tend to more actively promote sports leagues with which they are contractually affiliated (Johnson & Romney, 2017), meaning that such extra attention to affiliated sports could have influenced the results of this study. Finally, the analysis involved a quantitative coding scheme and did qualitatively code the images for deeper descriptions of content.…”

“…SNs play a significant role in the way sports information reaches sports audiences. Research suggests that SNs assign greater salience to major professional sports leagues and collegiate athletic conferences with which they have broadcast partnerships (Johnson & Romney, 2017). These agreements give SNs exclusive access to athletes and athletic events that drive traffic to SN properties––including their SMPs––where news, information, highlights, and photojournalism are disseminated.…”

“…The body of scholarship overwhelmingly suggests that in sports media, male sports are seen as more salient and their participants are represented as relying heavily on athleticism, while female sports are ignored and female athletes are more likely to be represented with a focus on traditional female attributes such as beauty and aesthetics. Recent research has also shown that SN SMPs exhibit framing bias in their selection of images to share on social media—specifically in exhibiting stereotypical differences (Johnson & Romney, 2017). Built on the framework of previous scholarship, yet driven by new challenges and opportunities presented by social media, this study proposes the following research questions: Research Question 1: Do SNs overrepresent men and male athletic events on SMPs? Research Question 2: Do images shared by SNs emphasize traditional female qualities by depicting female athletes in a state of passivity outside the field of play more often than men? Research Question 3: Do images more often feature men and women in traditionally gender-appropriate sports? Research Question 4: Are women and men equally represented in both team and individual sports? …”

How Smartness of Leisure-Sports Appliances Influence Tourists' Intention to Use

“…The perspective of self-promotion refers to people who engage with others by attempting to make a good impression on them as an accomplished, capable, and smart person (Higgins, 2000;Johnson & Romney, 2017;Lanaj et al, 2012). This concept is used to illustrate the theoretical structure of the current study in terms of the direct and indirect relationships among research variables.…”

“…Second, we propose that people with a self-promotion focus are inclined to demonstrate their positive characteristics to others. This natural tendency guides people to concentrate on attaining personal goals, seeking and fulfilling their ideals, and demonstrating their self-motivation (Higgins, 2000;Johnson & Romney, 2017;Lanaj et al, 2012). Hence, self-promoted people are likely to pursue a positive self-image.…”