Booster seat legislation: does it work for all children?

Brixey, Suzanne N.; Corden, Timothy E.; Guse, Clare E.; Layde, Peter M.

doi:10.1136/ip.2010.029835

Cited by 16 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 18 publications

(11 reference statements)

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“…Although the magnitude of difference has shifted and methods vary, our findings are consistent with the published literature. [20][21][22]32 In 2004, 28% of black 4-to 8-year-olds at a child restraint system inspection program were not appropriately restrained compared with 12% of whites. 20 Surveys of insured drivers of children involved in a sample of crashes in 2000-2004 revealed more suboptimal restraint use among African American 1-to 3-year-olds and 4-to 8-year-olds than whites (8% vs 4% and 76% vs 64%, respectively).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…7,9,10 Although child passenger safety practices in the United States have improved over time, [11][12][13] premature transitions to booster seats and seat belts persist, [13][14][15][16][17][18] and racial disparities exist. 8,17,[19][20][21][22][23] Minority children have higher directly observed rates of both being inappropriately restrained 8,[20][21][22] and unrestrained 8,17,19,20 compared with white children. Driver minority race/ethnicity, lower education, and lower household income are associated with driver-reported suboptimal restraint use among children ,9 years old who have been involved in an MVC.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Disparities in Age-Appropriate Child Passenger Restraint Use Among Children Aged 1 to 12 Years

et al. 2014

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WHAT'S KNOWN ON THIS SUBJECT: Age-appropriate child safety seat use in the United States is suboptimal, particularly among children older than 1 year. Minority children have higher rates of inappropriate child safety seat use based on observational studies. Explanations for observed differences include socioeconomic factors. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS:White parents reported greater use of age-appropriate child safety seats for 1-to 7-year-old children than nonwhite parents. Race remained a significant predictor of age-appropriate restraint use after adjusting for parental education, family income, and information sources. abstract OBJECTIVE: Observed racial disparities in child safety seat use have not accounted for socioeconomic factors. We hypothesized that racial differences in age-appropriate restraint use would be modified by socioeconomic status and child passenger safety information sources. METHODS:A 2-site, cross-sectional tablet-based survey of parents seeking emergency care for their 1-to 12-year-old child was conducted between October 2011 and May 2012. Parents provided self-report of child passenger safety practices, demographic characteristics, and information sources. Direct observation of restraint use was conducted in a subset of children at emergency department discharge. Age-appropriate restraint use was defined by Michigan law. RESULTS:Of the 744 eligible parents, 669 agreed to participate and 601 provided complete responses to key variables. White parents reported higher use of car seats for 1-to 3-year-olds and booster seats for 4-to 7-year-olds compared with nonwhite parents. Regardless of race, ,30% of 8-to 12-year-old children who were #4 feet, 9 inches tall used a booster seat. White parents had higher adjusted odds (3.86, 95% confidence interval 2.27-6.57) of reporting age-appropriate restraint use compared with nonwhite parents, controlling for education, income, information sources, and site. There was substantial agreement (82.6%, k = 0.74) between parent report of their child' s usual restraint and the observed restraint at emergency department discharge. Suboptimal child passenger restraint practices contribute to crash-related injuries, which remain a leading cause of childhood death in the United States. 1 Children who are unrestrained or sitting in the front seat face the greatest risk for death in motor vehicle collisions (MVCs). 2-6 Age-appropriate child safety seat use reduces injury risk by 50% to 75% 7-9 and provides increased protection over seat belts in crashes. 7,9,10 Although child passenger safety practices in the United States have improved over time, [11][12][13] premature transitions to booster seats and seat belts persist, [13][14][15][16][17][18] and racial disparities exist. 8,17,[19][20][21][22][23] Minority children have higher directly observed rates of both being inappropriately restrained 8,20-22 and unrestrained 8,17,19,20 compared with white children. Driver minority race/ethnicity, lower education, and lower household income are associated with driver-repor...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Disparities in Age-Appropriate Child Passenger Restraint Use Among Children Aged 1 to 12 Years

et al. 2014

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“…However, recent research suggests that though CRS legislation may increase overall CRS use, it does not necessarily increase the correct CRS use. For example, Brixey et al (2011) recently observed booster seat use among 4-to 7-year-old children in the state of Wisconsin before and after the introduction of legislation mandating booster seat use. Though overall use of booster seats increased following introduction of the legislation (from 24% to 43%), only limited improvements in correct booster seat use were observed (from 21% to 28%).…”

Section: Crs Legislation Effectivenessmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…As noted recently by Bilston et al (2011) andBrixey et al (2011), CRS legislation should be accompanied by a culturally appropriate, multifaceted community-based education campaign in order to realize the CRS's full injury reduction potential. Indeed, Ebel et al (2003) demonstrated significant increases in the use of booster seats for children aged 4 to 8 years following a multifaceted community education campaign in King County, Washington.…”

Section: Misuse and Crs Legislationmentioning

confidence: 98%

The Impact of New Legislation on Child Restraint System (CRS) Misuse and Inappropriate Use in Australia

Koppel¹,

Charlton²,

Rudin-Brown³

2013

Traffic Injury Prevention

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Based on the findings of the current study, it was concluded that, despite the introduction of new, definitive CRS legislation, CRS misuse and/or inappropriate use remains widespread in Australia. The findings highlight the need for CRS education and legislation that include information on correct CRS use, as well as information on appropriate CRS use, in order to provide specialized protection for child vehicle occupants in the event of a motor vehicle crash.

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“…9 Similarly, graduated driver licensing systems have been shown to reduce motor vehicle collision rates in teenagers. One such law in Connecticut demonstrated a 40% reduction in motor vehicle collision rates for 16-year-olds, 30% for 17-year-olds, 16% for 18-year-olds, and 7% for 19-year-olds.…”

Section: Precedent For Legislative Interventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative analysis of state-level concussion legislation and review of current practices in concussion

Tomei¹,

Doe²,

Prestigiacomo³

et al. 2012

FOC

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Object Forty-two states and the District of Columbia have passed legislation based on the Lystedt law of Washington state, enacted in 2009 to protect young athletes who have sustained a concussion. The aim of this study was to note the several similarities and differences among the various laws. Methods Concussion legislation was compared for 50 states and the District of Columbia. Evaluation parameters of this study included stipulations of concussion education, criteria for removal from play, requirements for evaluation and return to play after concussion, and individuals required to assess young athletes. Other parameters that were not consistent across states were also noted. Results Forty-three states and the District of Columbia have passed concussion legislation, and an additional 4 states have pending legislation. All states with existing legislation support concussion education for coaches; however, only 48% require coaches to undergo formal education. Athletes must be educated on concussion in 86% of states and parents in 88.7%. Suspicion of concussion is a criterion for removal from play in 75% of states; signs and symptoms of concussion are criteria for removal from play in 16% of states. The individuals allowed to evaluate and clear an athlete for return to play differ greatly among states. Conclusions Injury prevention legislation holds historical precedent, and given the increasing attention to long-term sequelae of repeated head trauma and concussion, concussion legislation has been rapidly passed in 43 states and the District of Columbia. Although the exact stipulations of these laws vary among states, the overall theme is to increase recognition of concussion in young athletes and ensure that they are appropriately cleared for return to play after concussion.

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Booster seat legislation: does it work for all children?

Abstract: Racial/ethnic minority groups and those of lower socioeconomic status have significantly lower use and proper use of booster seats. Legislation may increase the total use of booster seats but not necessarily the correct use of the restraint, particularly in racial/ethnic minorities.

Cited by 16 publications

References 18 publications

Disparities in Age-Appropriate Child Passenger Restraint Use Among Children Aged 1 to 12 Years

Disparities in Age-Appropriate Child Passenger Restraint Use Among Children Aged 1 to 12 Years

The Impact of New Legislation on Child Restraint System (CRS) Misuse and Inappropriate Use in Australia

Comparative analysis of state-level concussion legislation and review of current practices in concussion

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