Boos, Bans, and other Backlash: The Consequences of Being an Activist Athlete

Kaufman, Peter Iver

doi:10.1177/016059760803200302

Cited by 76 publications

(80 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Despite the criticisms mentioned above, Kaufman (2008) and Kaufman and Wolff (2010) noted actors, musicians, writers, and other non-athlete celebrity activists are viewed positively compared to another group of celebrity activist, athletes. One reason for this phenomenon is that celebrities do not often bring politically oriented advocacy into the celebrity news mix (Thrall et al, 2008).…”

Section: Celebrity Activismmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…The celebrity activist, however, can struggle to garner public support if s/he seems disingenuous toward the issue (Panis & van Den Bulck, 2012) or fails to effectively articulate what non-celebrity individuals can do to help the humanitarian efforts (Kogen, 2015). Despite these criticisms, actors, musicians, writers, and other nonathlete celebrity activists are viewed more positively for their social justice when compared to another group of celebrity activistsathletes (Kaufman, 2008;Kaufman & Wolff, 2010).…”

Section: Celebrity Activismmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Athlete activism research helps explain why the silence occurred. Research shows athletes may experience verbal retaliation from fans, media, coaches, and administrators (Agyemang, Singer, & DeLorme, 2010;Kaufman, 2008;Sanderson, Frederick, & Stocz, 2016) if they are vocal about a social or political issue. Perhaps, it is because there is a belief that sport is neutral and exists outside of the political realms (Sage, 1998).…”

Section: Silence Of the 1990-2000s Athlete Activistmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Athlete activists are known to infuse their advocacy within their sporting event, as they know the news mix will highlight their persons to a mass audience (Kaufman & Wolff, 2010). Due to the line between athlete (celebrity) self and advocate self being blurred, activist athletes are viewed as social deviants for engaging in activism and are less likely to engage their political views compared to non-athlete celebrity activists (Kaufman, 2008).…”

Section: Celebrity Activismmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A qualitative case study examination of athlete ally using social movement theory.

Schmidt¹

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The following study answered the call for more social movement related studies in sport (Davis-Delano & Crosset, 2008) and lessened the paucity of literature on athlete activism. The purpose of this study was to examine a sport specific social movement organization, Athlete Ally, using Social Movement Theory. Social Movement Theory is guided by three tenets: Resource Mobilization Theory (Edwards & McCarthy, 2004), Political Process Theory (Kriesi, 2004), and Cultural Theory/Frame Analysis (Williams, 2004). Each of these tenets was used to examine the resources exchanged between Athlete Ally and their athlete constituents, determine the strategies for engaging with various sport (i.e. NCAA and NBA) and non-sport governing bodies (i.e. U.S. Government), and understand the tactics for ensuring frame resonance by Athlete Ally. The following qualitative case study was conducted through seven employee or board member interviews with Athlete Ally and an examination of salient organizational documents. Findings indicate that a SMO can provide resources to minimize the impact of negative consequences for engaging in activism. For instance, providing a safe space and viii access to other athlete activists can allow an athlete to engage in activism knowing a SMO is supporting the athlete. On the other side, athletes also provide SMOs with resources, most notably a vast social-network of other constituents. From recruitment of other athlete ambassadors, like teammates, or raising awareness for the organization, athletes can be proficient resources that few other celebrities can match. Those resources can then be utilized to engage with various governing bodies. Typically, when Athlete Ally engages with a protagonist entity, they employ strategies of collaboration. Conversely, Athlete Ally utilizes combative strategies when faced with an antagonistic entity. Despite these strategies, Athlete Ally has to ensure their frames resonate with the intended audience to actually enact change. Athlete Ally accomplishes this by utilizing athletes' stories, objective statistics, and a diverse staff to increase the salience of their messages. Further findings and results are discussed. Overall, the study's findings speak to the mutually beneficial relationships sport specific SMOs and athletes can develop to further the goals of a social movement organization ix TABLE OF CONTENTS

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Section: Celebrity Activismmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Celebrity Activismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Silence Of the 1990-2000s Athlete Activistmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Celebrity Activismmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A qualitative case study examination of athlete ally using social movement theory.

Schmidt¹

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“…According to sociologist Peter Kaufman, 'activist athletes are treated like deviants' at the time of their protest and often face immediate backlash from teammates, coaches, the media, and members of the public. 140 These reactions are not always permanent. Tommie Smith and John Carlos -who famously raised their black-gloved fists during the medal presentation for the 200m final at the 1968 Mexico City Olympics -are prime examples.…”

Section: Becoming Muhammad Alimentioning

confidence: 99%

Becoming Ali: digital history, newspaper discourse, and America’s most famous boxer, 1960–1975

Townsend¹

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Cassius Marcellus Clay Jr. publically changed his name to Muhammad Ali on 6 March 1964. In doing so, he signalled his allegiance to the Nation of Islam -a controversial religious sect that advocated racial separatism and black nationalismas well as his intention to defy established cultural expectations for black athletes in the United States. Through his name change, he provoked diverse reactions from the media that changed over time. This study analyses the discursive significance of Ali's two names -Clay and Ali -as a way to analyse complex and shifting journalistic attitudes toward him between 1960 and 1975. To do so, it employs a mix of digital and traditional methodologies: specifically, distant and close reading. As such, this thesis is part of a growing body of digitally driven scholarship that is re-shaping sport history in the new millennium.

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Applications for a Cultural Political Psychology

Carriere

2022

SpringerBriefs in Psychology

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Boos, Bans, and other Backlash: The Consequences of Being an Activist Athlete

Cited by 76 publications

References 22 publications

A qualitative case study examination of athlete ally using social movement theory.

A qualitative case study examination of athlete ally using social movement theory.

Becoming Ali: digital history, newspaper discourse, and America’s most famous boxer, 1960–1975

Applications for a Cultural Political Psychology

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