Boomerangs and Superpowers: International Norms, Transnational Networks and US Foreign Policy

Thomas, Daniel C.

doi:10.1080/09557570220126225

Cited by 14 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…A proliferating literature in IR theory now explores the impact of transnational advocacy networks (TANs) on global public policy making (Burgerman 2001;Florini 2000;Keck and Sikkink 1998;Khagram et al 2002;Thomas 2002). TANs are transnational networks of activists motivated by shared principled discourse who aim to affect political behaviour through moral argument (Price 2003).…”

Section: Transnational Advocacy Network and The World Wide Webmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All social networks are 'network[s] of meanings' (White 1992: 67); advocacy networks are networks of principled meanings, which vary by issue area. For example, in the area of human rights, the principled meanings have to do with the rights and obligations between political actors and human beings (Hawkins 2002;Joachim 2003;Keck and Sikkink 1998;Risse et al 1999;Thomas 2002), and the constitutive actors differ from networks around climate change or conflict diamonds.…”

Section: Transnational Advocacy Network and The World Wide Webmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Transnational issue networks in real and virtual space: the case of women, peace and security

Carpenter

Jose

2012

Global Networks

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To what extent do online issue networks serve as a proxy for their real‐space counterparts in structure and substance? This question is significant because a number of scholars have begun to study transnational advocacy networks through their representations online. We explored whether this assumption is valid by comparing the network composition and agenda composition of the advocacy network around ‘women, peace and security’, as operationalized through a web‐based survey of actual activists, and the network's online representations of itself, as measured through advocacy websites. Two specific concerns drove the study. First, how closely does the structure of issue networks, as represented on the World Wide Web, correspond with actual advocates' understanding of the players within a specific issue domain? Second, to what extent does the online issue agenda correlate with the most prominent issues described by real‐space advocates within a transnational network? Our findings yielded a high correlation between the online issue agenda and activists’ interpretations of the agenda. However, we found that while hyperlink analysis is an effective tool for identifying the ‘hubs’ or ‘gatekeepers’ within a specific issue network, the nature of the World Wide Web makes it is a blunt tool with which to capture the broader network. This suggests that while the web poses important opportunities as a data source, scholars of transnational networks must pay closer attention to the methodological assumptions implicit in their reliance on this and other new media.

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Section: Transnational Advocacy Network and The World Wide Webmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Transnational Advocacy Network and The World Wide Webmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transnational issue networks in real and virtual space: the case of women, peace and security

Carpenter

Jose

2012

Global Networks

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“…One option is to give rhetorical "lip service" to norms while trying to avoid the obligations. Thomas (2002) notes that such lip service can trap states through a "boomerang effect" by which networks of non-state actors influence states when they identify with international norms that the states have formally accepted-"even if that formal acceptance did not initially reflect any serious intention to implement or monitor the norm in question." Dixon (2017) proposes a taxonomy of rhetorical resistance to norms in the face of social pressure, including norm interpretation, norm avoidance, and norm signaling.…”

Section: Socializing States? Norm Diffusion and Contestationmentioning

confidence: 99%

International Norms and Foreign Policy

Shannon¹

2017

Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics

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International norms exist as constraints on foreign policy, yet norms are also the product of the foreign policies of states and other actors. Research has demonstrated how norms restrain foreign policy choice and behavior, and even alter state conceptions of national interests. Other studies point to the weakness of norms in the face of national interests and state power. Others note that the meaning of norms and their obligations are often contested, leading to problems of norm violation and norm enforcement. As social constructions, an important consideration is how and when foreign policy promotes norms and norm diffusion in the broader international community.

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“…First, regarding the former criticisms, scholars argued that intellectuals’ paradigmatic frameworks cannot persist if they lack grounding in popular values. From this vantage, a “top‐down” focus on the intellectual resocialization of the mass public risked obscuring “bottom‐up” popular influences on intellectual debates (On the latter, see Thomas 2010; Momani 2010; Park 2010b). Such insights would be developed by Leonard Seabrooke (2006), who emphasized “everyday” influences on policy beliefs, as well as by Adler himself (Adler and Bernstein 2005:296), as he situated his earlier stress on epistemic communities in an analysis of the larger “epistemes… [which shape] the way people construe their reality.” Extending these interactive insights, scholars further stressed the ways in which intellectuals’ beliefs could in turn generate not only institutional pathologies but also destabilize wider norms, with adverse systemic consequences 9 .…”

Section: From Strategic Social Construction To Sentimental Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This “boomerang effect” has since been examined in relation to changing state, multilateral and corporate policies for the environment and human rights (Risse et al. 1999; McAteer and Pulver 2009; Park 2010b; Thomas 2010). 11…”

Section: From Strategic Social Construction To Sentimental Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differences Beyond Theory: Structural, Strategic, and Sentimental Approaches to Normative Change

Widmaier

Park

2012

International Studies Perspectives

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Widmaier, Wesley W. and Susan Park. (2012) Differences Beyond Theory: Structural, Strategic, and Sentimental Approaches to Normative Change. International Studies Perspectives, doi: 10.1111/j.1528‐3585.2012.00459.x  © 2012 International Studies Association Over the past two decades, one of the main themes in IR theory debates has been a concern for the interplay of agents, structures, and change. In this article, we engage with these debates as they pertain to “the state of the art” by highlighting in broad fashion three “constructivist turns” and their implications for efforts to explain the rise and demise of norms. More specifically, we offer a stylized history of a debate marked by shifting emphases on structural constraints, strategic practices, and sentimental forces. In the context of this symposium, while we accept many of our colleagues’ critiques of extant scholarship, we draw on the work of Richard Rorty to argue that the most important differences pertain to matters “beyond theory,” regarding the effects of norms in enabling the establishment of either an open community or disciplinary society.

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Boomerangs and Superpowers: International Norms, Transnational Networks and US Foreign Policy

Cited by 14 publications

References 0 publications

Transnational issue networks in real and virtual space: the case of women, peace and security

Transnational issue networks in real and virtual space: the case of women, peace and security

International Norms and Foreign Policy

Differences Beyond Theory: Structural, Strategic, and Sentimental Approaches to Normative Change

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