Boolean Logic Gates that Use Enzymes as Input Signals

Abstract

Biochemical systems that demonstrate the Boolean logic operations AND, OR, XOR, and InhibA were developed by using soluble compounds, which represent the chemical "devices", and the enzymes glucose oxidase (GOx), glucose dehydrogenase (GDH), alcohol dehydrogenase (AlcDH), and microperoxidase-11 (MP-11), which operated as the input signals that activated the logic gates. The enzymes were used as soluble materials and as immobilized biocatalysts. The studied systems are proposed to be a step towards the construction of "smart" signal-responsive materials with built-in Boolean logic.

Control of Noise in Chemical and Biochemical Information Processing

“…[31,32] For networks of more than order 10 binary steps, additional non-binary network elements, as well as proper network design to utilize redundancy for digital error correction, will be needed for fault-tolerant operation. [10,12,17,30] The level of noise in the environments envisaged for applications of future chemical [1][2][3][4] and biomolecular [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]14,17,[19][20][31][32][33][34] computing systems is quite high as compared to the electronic computer counterparts. Indeed, both the input/output signals and the "gate machinery" chemical concentrations, can typically fluctuate several percent or more, on the scale normalized to the digital 0 to 1 range.…”

“…Furthermore, the biocatalytic nature of many utilized biomolecular processes, offers certain advantages for analog noise control in the binary-gate circuit design paradigm. [17] Proteins/enzymes [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][14][15][16][17][19][20][161][162][163][164][165] and DNA/RNA/DNAzymes [6,7,[166][167][168][169][170][171][172][173][174][175][176][177][178][179][180][181][182] have been extensively used for gates, for realizing small networks and computational units, and for systems motivated [183] by applications.…”

Extended Linear Response for Bioanalytical Applications Using Multiple Enzymes

“…These developments have been motivated by interest in information and signal processing of the "digital" nature, by utilizing chemical [1][2][3][4][5] and biochemical [6][7][8][9][10] information processing, including that based on enzymatic processes. 11,12 Many of the studied designs have aimed at mimicking binary logic gate functions, [13][14][15] arithmetic operations, 16 and generally Boolean logic circuits. 14,17,18 New applications have been contemplated for multiple-input analytical systems with response/actuation of the threshold nature.…”

All Kinds of Behavior are Possible in Chemical Kinetics: A Theorem and its Potential Applications to Chemical Computing

“…Since then, chemical computing has become a thriving research area; see, e.g., [1,2,3,10,18,19,23,26,27].…”