Book Review: An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, 2nd edn, Language in Society. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, 2nd edn

Abstract

kind of inclusive attention that Kress claims is necessary in the study of meaning creation echoes those of Cook (1992Cook ( , 1994, Bex (1996) and more recently Bray et al. (2000). The latter, for instance, approach the creation of meaning in literary texts via the various 'marking' features such as punctuation, footnotes, epigraphs, white space and marginalia which, I would suggest, would not necessarily be covered in terms of punctuations as Kress defines them. Bex's work focuses on the concept of genre but similarly identifies the importance of issues such as the placement of advertisements, possible slips of spelling, abbreviations, etc. in the case of hand-written adverts. My objection to Kress's suggestion is that linguistic studies, at least in the latter part of the 20th century, have embraced more eclectic positions in the analysis of meaning creation, which have brought them closer to a social semiotic stance.Bearing in mind the provisos mentioned I would recommend this collection both as a good example of a practical application and as a stimulating study full of interesting suggestions for further work in the field of media as well as those of literary, linguistic or cultural studies.

International Humanitarian Action

“…On one end of the spectrum, we find the ICRC whose exclusively humanitarian mission is to protect the lives and dignity of victims of armed conflict and other situations of violence and to provide them with assistance. 34 On the other, many organisations, such as Save the Children, are inspired by the idea that integrated interventions can achieve much more than saving lives by promoting overall regional stability, 35 for which the humanitarian system should place emphasis on seeking opportunities to transform and rebuild communities, using their own capacity and based on their own priorities and aspirations. 36 The main conceptual challenge for humanitarian actors is to clarify the different types of humanitarian action and decide to which extent aid can and should be principled on the strategic objective to transform communities and societies for the better.…”

“…The desire to improve respect for international law led to the development of the responsibility to protect (R2P) doctrine, although limited to four specific situations 34 and not appropriate to ameliorate the daily humanitarian needs of populations in crisis zones.…”

“…This European force-authorised with the mandate of supporting UNMID with Darfuri refugees 36 -was regarded with little enthusiasm by Chad as the mission was supposed to be based in that State. Taking advantage of the mistake of a French NGO, 37 Chad tried to outright discredit humanitarian 34 Genocide, Crimes against Humanity, War Crimes, Aggression. 35 UN Security Council Resolution 1769.…”

“…33 Prior to the end of the Cold War, the COW project categorised conflicts into international wars and civil wars depending on whether military action was taking place within or beyond the State's territory. 34 However, critics point out that stringent data coding rules regarding the number of battle-related deaths mean that a large percentage of the deaths that result from organised criminal violence or as an indirect result of the conflict (such as epidemics, forced displacement) cannot be coded and therefore do not get recorded. 35 The UCDP currently classifies conflicts into four main categories in terms of actors and their location.…”

A survey of Senecio spp. affecting livestock in Uruguay and their associated pyrrolizidine alkaloid content

“…Poisoning by consumption of Senecio plants is the major problem in grazing livestock in Southern Brazil, Uruguay García et al and Argentina (RIET-CORREA & MEDEIROS, 2001;RISSI et al, 2007) and a significant cause of poisonings worldwide (BOPPRE, 2011;STEGELMEIER, 2011). Senecio plants are also a problem for agronomists as invasive species leading to deterioration of pasture quality (WATSON et al, 1994;LE ROUX et al, 2006). In Uruguay, Senecio plants are considered the most important toxic plants found in the Eastern region and the second most important toxic plants of the Western region affecting cattle (RIVERO et al, 2011;GARCÍA et al, 2016).…”