Bone Volumetric Density, Geometry, and Strength in Female and Male Collegiate Runners

Smock, Amanda J.; Hughes, Julie M.; Popp, Kristin L.; Wetzsteon, Rachel J.; Stovitz, Steven D.; Kaufman, Beth C.; Kurzer, Mindy S.; Petit, Moira A.

doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3181a7a5a2

Cited by 20 publications

(19 citation statements)

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“…These results suggest that the rowers from the above research studies and the present study are considered ‘at risk’ for clinical eating disorders 45. This percentage could have been even higher as athletes tend to under report symptoms of DE20 26 due to denial and secrecy which are hallmarks of DE,22 and because they do not consider eating habits as DE, but as ‘part of the game’ in season.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 51%

Bone mineral density, rib pain and other features of the female athlete triad in elite lightweight rowers

et al. 2014

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ObjectiveTo determine bone mineral density (BMD) and the associations among BMD, menstrual history, disordered eating (DE), training history, intentional weight loss (IWL) and rib pain for the first time in female lightweight rowers.Setting9 lightweight rowing clubs, UK.Participants29 Caucasian female lightweight rowers volunteered. 21 (12 active, 9 retired) completed the study. Inclusion criteria: female lightweight rowers aged over 18 years. Exclusion criteria: participants with a history of bone disease, used medications known to influence BMD or if they were pregnant, lactating or postmenopausal.Main outcome measuresDual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measured total body (TB) composition and BMD at the spine, femoral neck (FN), radius and TB. DE, oligomenorrhoea/amenorrhoea years; rib pain and training history.ResultsDE was reported in six of the rowers. The active with DE started rowing younger (p<0.05) than those without, and their amount of IWL was associated with Eating Attitudes Test-26 score (p<0.05). Some participants reported a history of oligomenorrhoea/amenorrhoea 17 (76%) and/or rib pain 7 (32%) with those with rib pain having lower spine and TB Z-scores (p<0.05) than those without. Those with oligomenorrhoea/amenorrhoea had lower spine Z-scores (p<0.01) than those without. Twelve participants had low BMD; three at spine; one at FN; and eight at radius. Thirteen per cent of mean total training hours (18.6±9.1 h/week) were spent strength training (2.4±2.2 h/week).ConclusionsUpper body exercises incorporating multidimensional high peak bone strain were not reported and may need to be considered in their strength training to improve radial BMD. Results suggest IWL and high-level training at a young age increases the likelihood of DE and there may be a lack of quality nutritional support for these athletes. Thus, multidisciplinary sport science support should be offered at a young age and perhaps also to consider changing the weight rules to prevent the development of the Triad.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 51%

Bone mineral density, rib pain and other features of the female athlete triad in elite lightweight rowers

et al. 2014

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“…Improvements in bone geometry have been shown to be consistent with increased BMC and BMD values in female soccer players and in female athletes who participate in other high‐impact and odd‐impact sports [14‐16]. However, both female and male long‐distance runners can exhibit an improvement in lower‐extremity bone geometry without associated changes in BMC and BMD values [16,17]. Data from HSA in swimmers suggest that, although BMD values in those athletes and in control subjects are similar, hip strength in swimmers may be impaired [14].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Data from HSA in swimmers suggest that, although BMD values in those athletes and in control subjects are similar, hip strength in swimmers may be impaired [14]. Results from studies on both runners [16,17] and swimmers [14] suggest that BMC and BMD values do not completely explain sport‐specific adaptations to bone health in athletes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Smock et al [17] used q‐CT to evaluate the effects of running on the tibial geometry of young distance runners and revealed increased bone strength in female runners and more favorable bone geometry in male runners than in control subjects. However, no improvement in volumetric bone density was seen in athletes of either gender [17].…”

Section: Review Of the Current Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…All 3 types of impact-loading exercise groups had a higher cortical area and a greater total CSA at the tibial shaft than did referents, which suggests that both the magnitude and the frequency of strain affect osteogenic potential. Smock et al [17] used q-CT to evaluate the effects of running on the tibial geometry of young distance runners and revealed increased bone strength in female runners and more favorable bone geometry in male runners than in control subjects. However, no improvement in volumetric bone density was seen in athletes of either gender [17].…”

Section: Outcome Of Geometry (Sport Comparison: Region)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of Sports Participation on Bone Health in the Young Athlete: A Review of the Literature

Tenforde

Fredericson

2011

PM&R

221

165

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Peak bone mass is attained during the second and third decades of life. Sports participation during the years that peak bone mass is being acquired may lead to adaptive changes that improve bone architecture through increased density and enhanced geometric properties. A review of the literature evaluating sports participation in young athletes, ages 10-30 years, revealed that sports that involve high-impact loading (eg, gymnastics, hurdling, judo, karate, volleyball, and other jumping sports) or odd-impact loading (eg, soccer, basketball, racquet games, step-aerobics, and speed skating) are associated with higher bone mineral composition, bone mineral density (BMD), and enhanced bone geometry in anatomic regions specific to the loading patterns of each sport. Repetitive low-impact sports (such as distance running) are associated with favorable changes in bone geometry. Nonimpact sports such as swimming, water polo, and cycling are not associated with improvements in bone mineral composition or BMD, and swimming may negatively influence hip geometry. Participating in sports during early puberty may enhance bone mass. Continued participation in sports appears to maintain the full benefits of increased peak bone mass, although former athletes who do not maintain participation in sports may retain some benefits of increased BMD. Long-term elite male cycling was reported to negatively influence bone health, and female adolescent distance running was associated with suppressed bone mineral accrual; confounding factors associated with participation in endurance sports may have contributed to those findings. In summary, young men and women who participate in sports that involve high-impact or odd-impact loading exhibit the greatest associated gains in bone health. Participation in nonimpact sports, such as swimming and cycling, is not associated with an improvement in bone health.

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Bone Health of Adolescent Athletes

Ernest

Martinie

Dobkins

et al. 2018

A Practical Approach to Adolescent Bone Health

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Bone Volumetric Density, Geometry, and Strength in Female and Male Collegiate Runners

Abstract: Greater bone strength in female runners was attributable to greater bone area rather than density. Although male runners did not show greater bone strength, they did exhibit favorable bone geometric properties. These data further document that running has osteogenic potential.

Cited by 20 publications

References 34 publications

Bone mineral density, rib pain and other features of the female athlete triad in elite lightweight rowers

Bone mineral density, rib pain and other features of the female athlete triad in elite lightweight rowers

Influence of Sports Participation on Bone Health in the Young Athlete: A Review of the Literature

Bone Health of Adolescent Athletes

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