Bone tissue engineering: A review in bone biomimetics and drug delivery strategies

Porter, Joshua R.; Ruckh, Timothy T.; Popat, Ketul C.

doi:10.1002/btpr.246

Cited by 551 publications

(521 citation statements)

References 312 publications

(362 reference statements)

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“…A detailed review of the fabrication of artificial bones and joints can be found in (Giannatsis and Dedoussis, 2009;Porter et al, 2009). Compared to other methods such as mold casting, direct machining produces a better result because no shrinkage or thermal induced dimensional deviation takes place (Da Costa and Lajarin, 2012).…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Each year, millions of patients all over the world suffer from bone defects or orthopedic injury (Porter et al, 2009). Ordinary bone repairing methods include autologous transplant, allograft transplant, and artificial bone implant.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Five-axis machine tools and high speed machining are usually employed to ensure precision and quality. New processing technologies such as 3D printing (Porter et al, 2009) and laser sintering (Su et al, 2012) have also been reported in artificial bone manufacture.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A morphing machining strategy for artificial bone

Gan

Shen

et al. 2014

J. Zheijang Univ.-Sci.

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Abstract:In this work, a novel morphing machining strategy (MMS) is proposed. In the method, the workpiece is progressively carved out from the stock. Pitfalls in conventional iso-height strategy, such as sharp edges and unevenly distributed left-over materials, are overcome. Moreover, to calculate different levels in the MMS, an energy-based morphing algorithm is proposed. Finally, the proposed strategy is employed in the machining of artificial bone represented by a T-spline surface. The excellent properties of T-spline, such as expressing complex shapes with a single surface, have been well adopted to artificial bone fabrication. Computer simulation and the actual machining of the middle finger bone show the feasibility of the proposed strategy.

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Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A morphing machining strategy for artificial bone

Gan

Shen

et al. 2014

J. Zheijang Univ.-Sci.

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“…[6]. When the natural remodeling process of bone healing [7][8] is insufficient in restoring full functionality surgical methods are applied [9]. However, autografts, allografts and xenografts are all subject to a number of limitations [10][11][12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural changes to resorbable calcium phosphate bioceramic aged in vitro

Mehrban

Bowen

Vorndran

et al. 2013

Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces

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This work investigates the effect of mammalian cell culture conditions on 3D printed calcium phosphate scaffolds. The purpose of the studies presented was to characterise the changes in scaffold properties in physiologically relevant conditions. Differences in crystal morphologies were observed between foetal bovine serum-supplemented media and their unsupplemented analogues, but not for supplemented media containing tenocytes. Scaffold porosity was found to increase for all conditions studied, except for tenocyte-seeded scaffolds. The presence of tenocytes on the scaffold surface inhibited any increase in scaffold porosity in the presence of extracellular matrix secreted by the tenocytes. For acellular conditions the presence or absence of sera proteins strongly affected the rate of dissolution and the distribution of pore diameters within the scaffold. Exposure to high sera protein concentrations led to the development of significant numbers of sub-micron pores, which was otherwise not observed. The implication of these results for cell culture research employing calcium phosphate scaffolds is discussed. [6]. When the natural remodeling process of bone healing [7][8] is insufficient in restoring full functionality surgical methods are applied [9]. However, autografts, allografts and xenografts are all subject to a number of limitations [10][11][12]. Consequently it is necessary to search for an alternative method of bone replacement and as such significant research effort has been focused on the development of synthetic materials to replace bone [13][14]. Biomaterials required for bone substitution need to match certain criteria exhibited by native bone, such as osteoinductivity and osteoconductivity, low inflammatory response and mechanical integrity [15]. Utilising synthetic hard tissue scaffolds in an attempt to eliminate the risks associated with disease transmission, immunogenicity, long operating procedures and the number of operations is one route of bone repair and regeneration. Materials such as polymers and ceramics have been used extensively for regenerating bone [16]. Ceramics based on calcium phosphates (CaP) are physicochemically similar to the mineral component of native bone [9] and have previously been used to engineer bone tissue [17][18][19][20] by using ceramics as graft material [21][22][23]. It is the favourable cellular response both in vitro and in vivo which has prompted the use of a variety of CaPs such as hydroxyapatite (HA, Ca 5 (PO 4 ) 3 OH), brushite (dicalcium phosphate dihydrate, CaHPO 4 .2H 2 O) and tricalcium phosphate (TCP, Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 ) as potential bone replacement materials. Brushite forms at pH < 4.2 in aqueous solution from the reaction of TCP, in this case β-TCP, with an acidic source of phosphate ions such as phosphoric acid, and exhibits a higher resorption rate than HA under physiological conditions due to poor fluid exchange within the ceramic pores and the low inherent solubility of HA [24][25][26]. Through a dissolution and reprecipitation process brus...

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“…(2) The economic impact of nonunions is enormous, with the cost of spinal fusions alone reaching $20 billion annually. (3) The gold standard for repair of large segmental defects remains autologous grafts, where bone harvested from a non-weight-bearing site, usually the iliac crest, is used to repair defects. Bone grafts, however, are limited in several aspects, including potency of the grafts and the physiological detriment resulting from harvest surgery.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Realizing the potential of gene-based molecular therapies in bone repair

Rose

Uludağ

2013

Journal of Bone and Mineral Research

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A better understanding of osteogenesis at genetic and biochemical levels is yielding new molecular entities that can modulate bone regeneration and potentially act as novel therapies in a clinical setting. These new entities are motivating alternative approaches for bone repair by utilizing DNA-derived expression systems, as well as RNA-based regulatory molecules controlling the fate of cells involved in osteogenesis. These sophisticated mediators of osteogenesis, however, pose unique delivery challenges that are not obvious in deployment of conventional therapeutic agents. Viral and nonviral delivery systems are actively pursued in preclinical animal models to realize the potential of the gene-based medicines. This article will summarize promising bone-inducing molecular agents on the horizon as well as provide a critical review of delivery systems employed for their administration. Special attention was paid to synthetic (nonviral) delivery systems because they are more likely to be adopted for clinical testing because of safety considerations. We present a comparative analysis of dose-response relationships, as well as pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic features of various approaches, with the purpose of clearly defining the current frontier in the field. We conclude with the authors' perspective on the future of genebased therapy of bone defects, articulating promising research avenues to advance the field of clinical bone repair. © 2013 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. KEY WORDS: OSTEOGENESIS; BIOENGINEERING; MOLECULAR PATHWAYS; GENE-BASED THERAPYClinical Need for New Bone-Regeneration Strategies N early 2.2 million bone grafts are performed worldwide annually (1) and up to 20% of fractures are hampered by impaired healing. (2) The economic impact of nonunions is enormous, with the cost of spinal fusions alone reaching $20 billion annually. (3) The gold standard for repair of large segmental defects remains autologous grafts, where bone harvested from a non-weight-bearing site, usually the iliac crest, is used to repair defects. Bone grafts, however, are limited in several aspects, including potency of the grafts and the physiological detriment resulting from harvest surgery. Allografts are alternatively employed, where donor tissue is used to repair the defect, but the risk of disease transmission is always a concern. Allografts are extensively processed to reduce this risk, but osteopotency of the graft could be decreased in this way. (4) Demineralized bone matrix derived from decalcified bone can similarly act as a substitute; its potency, however, is variable and depends on the processing conditions. Synthetic scaffolds have been used to provide a hospitable environment for new bone formation. Scaffolds have been constructed from the organic (collagen) and inorganic (hydroxyapatite [HA]) components of bone, but such scaffolds are incapable of inducing osteogenesis on their own and they are more suitable for smaller defects.Osteogenic proteins are frequently employed to render ost...

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Bone tissue engineering: A review in bone biomimetics and drug delivery strategies

Cited by 551 publications

References 312 publications

A morphing machining strategy for artificial bone

A morphing machining strategy for artificial bone

Structural changes to resorbable calcium phosphate bioceramic aged in vitro

Realizing the potential of gene-based molecular therapies in bone repair

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