Bone Regeneration by Multichannel Cylindrical Granular Bone Substitute for Regeneration of Bone in Cases of Tumor, Fracture, and Arthroplasty

Abstract

In orthopedics, a number of synthetic bone substitutes are being used for the repair and regeneration of damaged or diseased bone. The nature of the bone substitutes determines the clinical outcome and its application for a range of orthopedic clinical conditions. In this study, we aimed to demonstrate the possible applications of multichannel granular bone substitutes in different types of orthopedic clinical conditions, including bone tumor, fracture, and bone defect with arthroplasty. A clinical investigation on a single patient for every specific type of disease was performed, and patient outcome was evaluated by physical and radiographic observation. Brief physical characterization of the granular bone substitute and in vivo animal model investigation were presented for a comprehensive understanding of the physical characteristics of the granules and of the performance of the bone substitute in a physiological environment, respectively. In all cases, the bone substitute stabilized the bone defect without any complications, and the defect regenerated slowly during the postoperative period. Gradual filling of the defect with the newly regenerated bone was confirmed by radiographic findings, and no adverse effects, such as osteolysis, graft dispersion, and non-union, were observed. Homogeneous bone formation was observed throughout the defect area, showing a three-dimensional bone regeneration. High-strength multichannel granules could be employed as versatile bone substitutes for the treatment of a wide range of orthopedic conditions.

Is Silver Addition to Scaffolds Based on Polycaprolactone Blended with Calcium Phosphates Able to Inhibit Candida albicans and Candida auris Adhesion and Biofilm Formation?

“…In fact, many other researchers are in agreement with our results [ 22 , 49 ], further demonstrating that PCL—either alone or coupled with BCP—did not exert antimicrobial properties. BCP biocompatibility is guaranteed by the fact that the mixtures of HA and β-TCP are close to the mineral component of natural bone [ 7 , 50 ]. Notably, PCL alone is not able to induce osteoblast adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation, whereas the addition of BCP and silver induced a relevant improvement in the mineralization of Saos-2 cells, due to their calcium deposition.…”

“…In particular, PCL is a highly biocompatible and bioresorbable polymer that, upon its implantation, is not necessary to remove at the end of its function [ 4 , 5 ]. PCL is also a suitable biomaterial for producing three-dimensional (3D) constructs, called scaffolds, which are an advanced therapeutic solution for cavity-filling in bone disease or for the healing of fractured bone [ 6 , 7 , 8 ]. PCL-based devices might be produced using various methods: the salt-leaching method permits the preparation of highly porous scaffolds that can be used for long-term implants and in targeted drug release applications [ 5 ].…”

“…Moreover, the blending of this polymer with calcium phosphates, principally biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP)—a mixture of hydroxyapatite (HA) and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP)—guarantees a very close similarity to the constituents of natural bone [ 7 , 9 , 10 ]. Recently, BCP has shown more suitability for orthopedic applications, compared to HA and β-TCP single phases, due to its good biocompatibility, useful mechanical characteristics, and suitable biodegradability [ 1 ].…”

Platelet-rich fibrin as an autologous biomaterial for bone regeneration: mechanisms, applications, optimization

“…Tumors, post-traumatic fractures, and osteomyelitis following septic bacterial infections are common causes of bone defects ( Zhao et al, 2019 ; Zhu et al, 2021 ; Jung et al, 2022 ). With the concerted efforts of researchers and clinicians, introducing bone graft substitutes developed through bone tissue engineering to repair localized bone defects is gradually becoming an effective treatment.…”

New Generation of Osteoinductive and Antimicrobial Polycaprolactone-Based Scaffolds in Bone Tissue Engineering: A Review

“…In natural conditions, well-balanced bone tissue remodelling is crucial for the skeletal system’s homeostasis. Three types of eukaryotic cells are involved in its resorption, preservation, and neoformation: osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts [ 2 ]. When a trauma, a tumour, osteoporosis, or other external factors cause a bone defect, physiological healing occurs only if a small tract is involved; conversely, extended bone tract damage is not restored by the body, and a fibrous connective mass is deposed [ 3 , 4 ].…”