Bone Physiology, Biomaterial and the Effect of Mechanical/Physical Microenvironment on Mesenchymal Stem Cell Osteogenesis

Abstract

Professor Shu Chien is a world-renowned leader and founder of Bioengineering. In particular, he has made seminal contributions to advancing our systematic and insightful understanding of how cells perceive their physical/mechanical environment and coordinate cellular functions. In this review, as part of a tribute to Prof. Shu Chien's scientific achievement, we summarize the research progress in understanding the physiology of bone cells interacting with different mechanical/physical environments during bone tissue regeneration/repair. We first introduce the cellular composition of the bone tissue and the mechanism of the physiological bone regeneration/repair process. We then describe the properties and development of biomaterials for bone tissue engineering, followed by the highlighting of research progresses on the cellular response to mechanical environmental cues. Finally, several latest advancements in bone tissue regeneration and remaining challenges in the field are discussed for future research directions.

Tissue induction, the relationship between biomaterial’s microenvironment and mesenchymal stem cell differentiation

“…They play critical roles in the tissues establishment, regeneration and replacement due to their unique capability of both differentiation and self-renewal. So MSCs can be applied clinically as a new therapy for treating any tissue diseases with mesenchymal origin [10]. Numerous studies have reported beneficial effects of MSCs on tissue repair and regeneration in the clinical treatment of many diseases [11].…”

“…The "tissue inducing" materials should have excellent bioactivity, which induces cell attachment, growth and proliferation to achieve complete regeneration of tissues. Therefore, the biomaterial is no longer for tissue replacement, but rather for promote tissue regeneration [10]. These advances have led to clinical successes for inducing some simple tissues such as skin and cartilage [14].…”

“…Recent advances in biomaterials have led to the identification of polymer substrates for self-renewal of stem cell [10]. These biomaterials have the advantage of being cost-effective and being non-biological, in addition to the scalable ability.…”

Tavşanlarda Mürekkepbalığı Kabuğu ve Kan Pulcuğundan Zengin Plazma ile Birlikte Mürekkep Balığı Kaynaklı Hidroksiapatitin Tibial Kemik Hasarının İyileştirilmesindeki Rolü: Deneysel Bir Çalışma

“…This specialized hard connective tissue undergoes remodeling and chemical exchange with other parts of body constantly [1][2][3][4][5] . The majority of bone injuries go through a gradual healing process without any scar formation and with considerable resumption of bone characteristics so that eventually the newly formed bony tissue is indistinguishable from peripheral healthy bone; nevertheless in extensive bone injuries like traumas, tumors and skeletal abnormalities healing is not successful because the extent of damage exceed the regenerative potential of bone.…”

“…The majority of bone injuries go through a gradual healing process without any scar formation and with considerable resumption of bone characteristics so that eventually the newly formed bony tissue is indistinguishable from peripheral healthy bone; nevertheless in extensive bone injuries like traumas, tumors and skeletal abnormalities healing is not successful because the extent of damage exceed the regenerative potential of bone. From past to now researchers have been looking for appropriate methods to potentiate and accelerate healing process or to replace the lost bone [3][4][5][6][7][8] .…”