Bone morphogenetic protein‐2 immobilization on porous PCL‐BCP‐Col composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering

Abstract

The objective of this study was to develop novel porous composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering through surface modification of polycaprolactone-biphasic calcium phosphate-based composites (PCL-BCP). PCL-BCP composites were first fabricated with salt-leaching method followed by aminolysis. Layer by layer (LBL) technique was then used to immobilize collagen (Col) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP-2) on PCL-BCP scaffolds to develop PCL-BCP-Col-BMP-2 composite scaffold. The morphology of the composite was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The efficiency of grafting of Col and BMP-2 on composite scaffold was measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Both XPS and FTIR confirmed that Col and BMP-2 were successfully immobilized into PCL-BCP composites. MC3TC3-E1 preosteoblasts cells were cultivated on composites to determine the effect of Col and BMP-2 immobilization on cell viability and proliferation. PCL-BCP-Col-BMP-2 showed more cell attachment, cell viability, and proliferation bone factors compared to PCL-BCP-Col composites. In addition, in vivo bone formation study using rat models showed that PCL-BCP-Col-BMP-2 composites had better bone formation than PCL-BCP-Col scaffold in critical size defect with 4 weeks of duration. These results suggest that PCL-BCP-Col-BMP-2 composites can enhance bone regeneration in critical size defect in a rat model with 4 weeks of duration.

Soybean Lecithin‐Mediated Nanoporous PLGA Microspheres with Highly Entrapped and Controlled Released BMP‐2 as a Stem Cell Platform

“…BMP‐2 in nanoporous PLGA‐based microspheres were immunohistochemically stained using an antibody against BMP‐2, as described in previous work . Then, the microspheres were observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), as shown in Figure A.…”

Aminolysis of Various Aliphatic Polyesters in a Form of Nanofibers and Films

“…In tissue engineering, aminolysis of polyesters is usually applied as the final [14,27] or the intermediate step in the biomolecule immobilization process [28]. In many papers, surface modification with aminolysis reaction is reported for polycaprolactone [14,29,30,31,32,33,34,35]. A smaller number of studies is related to the surface functionalization of other polyesters, such as polylactide [36,37,38] and poly(lactide- co -caprolactone) [19,39,40,41].…”

Bioactivity of a Novel Polycaprolactone-Hydroxyapatite Scaffold Used as a Carrier of Low Dose BMP-2: An In Vitro Study

“…Various concentrations of BMP-2 were compared in a 2-D culture to determine the optimum amount of BMP-2 for promoting cell proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts. In previous studies, concentrations in the range of 1–50 µg/mL have been reported for their potency to promote new bone formation [ 31 , 32 , 33 ]. Mumcuoglu et al [ 31 ] fabricated an injectable hydrogel composed of BMP-2-loaded recombinant collagen-based microspheres and alginate using doses of 50 µg/mL, 15 µg/mL, and 5 µg/mL of BMP-2.…”

“…The authors concluded that combining 50 µg/mL BMP-2 with the delivery system showed promising results in both ectopic and calvarial defect models. Song et al [ 32 ] assessed the efficacy of porous PCL-BCP composite scaffolds for immobilizing collagen and 10 µg/mL of BMP-2 both in vitro and in rat models. The results demonstrated that the scaffolds combined with BMP-2 had more cell proliferation and better bone formation when compared with the scaffolds without BMP-2.…”