Bone Mineral Density in Estrogen-Deficient Young Women

Abstract

Women with POI have lower bone density compared to regularly menstruating women. Compared to Caucasians, minority women with estrogen deficiency are more likely to have BMD below the expected range for age. This racial disparity appears to be related to a combined effect of several modifiable risk factors. Delay in diagnosis of POI also contributes to reduced bone density by delaying proper therapy.

How I monitor long-term and late effects after blood or marrow transplantation

“…The patient was diagnosed with hypothyroidism and thyroid hormone replacement therapy was initiated. In addition, the patient had laboratory evidence of dyslipidemia (total cholesterol, 285 mg/dL ; LDL, 192 mg/dL ; high-density lipoprotein, 41 mg/dL [40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59]; triglyceride, 275 mg/dL ), and was managed with cholesterol-lowering medications and diet (Table 3).…”

“…9 The decreased bone mineral density seen in BMT survivors is typically resulting from treatment of GVHD with corticosteroids or calcineurin inhibitors 49 ; physical inactivity and low dietary intake of calcium 50 ; and/or uncorrected hypogonadism. [51][52][53] Bone loss after BMT nadirs at 6 to 24 months. 54,55 The incidence of osteoporosis approaches 20% at 2 years.…”

Application of TLC-Densitometry for Analysis of Estradiol Hemihydrate in Dosage Forms.

“…2 Lowered levels of estrogen lead to: 1) increase of oxidative stress; 2) apoptosis of osteoblasts; 3) rapid loss of bone mass due to increased rate of degradation of the bone tissue by osteoclasts; 4) a long life of osteoclasts compared to osteoblasts; 5) reduction of the absorption and utilization of calcium in bones. 3 Most pharmacological agents used in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis reduce bone resor ption or delay the total rate of bone turnover. For the prevention of fractures are applied: inhibitors of the activity of osteoclastsbisphosphonates Rizedronate and Zoledronate, 4 selective estrogen receptor modulators Bazedoxifene 5 and Lasofoxifene 6 parathyroid hormone, 7 Strontium ranelate 8 and antiresorptive agent Denosumab -a human monoclonal antibody IgG 2 .…”

Safety, Efficacy and Patient Acceptability of Bazedoxifene Acetate in the Management of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis

“…7,8 On the other hand, young women with hypogonadism are also at increased risk of osteoporosis. 6 In addition, estrogen modulates a large number of biological activities, affecting gene expression, growth and physiology of all systems. 9 Many women experience symptoms and consequences of estrogen deficiency associated with menopause, which can be severe enough to require specific therapy.…”