Bone mineral density in elite 7- to 9-yr-old female gymnasts and swimmers

Cassell, C.; Benedict, Michael; Specker, Bonny

doi:10.1097/00005768-199610000-00006

Cited by 146 publications

(97 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…These findings are in contrast to other reports of restrictive eating patterns in young elite (8,9) and college-age (1,7) gymnasts but similar to nonelite, but competitive, young gymnasts. (30,31) When normalized for FFST mass, protein intake was lower in gymnasts versus controls. Presently, the AI for calcium in 9-13 year olds is 1300 mg/ day.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Longitudinal Bone Mineral Density Changes in Female Child Artistic Gymnasts

Nickols‐Richardson

O’Connor

Shapses

et al. 1999

Journal of Bone and Mineral Research

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Longitudinal Bone Mineral Density Changes in Female Child Artistic Gymnasts

Nickols‐Richardson

O’Connor

Shapses

et al. 1999

Journal of Bone and Mineral Research

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“…Weight-bearing activity increases bone mass more than non-weight-bearing activity in weight-loaded skeletal regions but not in unloaded regions [10][11][12][13]. Most of these studies are crosssectional, comparing competitive athletes with controls [10,[13][14][15][16]. Also longitudinal case-control studies support the notion that exercise increases bone mass [17,18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Peripubertal Moderate Exercise Increases Bone Mass in Boys but Not in Girls: A Population-Based Intervention Study

Sundberg

Gärdsell

Johnell

et al. 2001

Osteoporosis International

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On the basis of cross-sectional studies in elite athletes and longitudinal studies, physical activity in growing children has been suggested to enhance bone mineral acquisition and prevent osteoporosis later in life. The level of exercise in most of these studies is not applicable in a population on a day-to-day basis. The aim of this study was to determine whether moderate increased exercise within the school curriculum from age 12 to 16 years would have anabolic bone effects. In a population-based setting of 40 boys and 40 girls the school curriculum was enhanced to physical education 4 times per week for 3-4 years. Controls were 82 boys and 66 girls who had had physical education twice a week over a corresponding period. Both cases and controls were measured at age 16 years. Bone mineral content (BMC), areal bone mineral density (aBMD), bone size (femoral neck width) and volumetric BMD (vBMD) were measured in total body, spine and femoral neck (FN) by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Data are presented as mean +/- SD. BMC (8 +/- 15%, p = 0.04), aBMD (9 +/- 13%, p = 0.002) and vBMD (9 +/- 15%, p = 0.001) were all higher in FN in the male intervention group compared with controls. FN bone size was no higher in the intervention group than in the controls. In girls, no differences were found when comparing the intervention group with controls. The results remained after adjusting for confounding factors such as weight, height, milk intake and activity after school. In summary, we report that increased bone mass can be achieved in a population-based cohort of boys (but not in girls) by moderate increased physical activity within the school curriculum from age 12 to 16 years. We speculate that the same results can be seen in girls if intervention starts at an earlier age. We conclude that increasing the physical education content of the Swedish school curriculum may improve bone mass in at least peripubertal boys.

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“…Competitive adolescent female gymnasts have greater areal bone mineral density (aBMD, g/cm 2 ) and bone mineral content (BMC, g) when compared with other athletic and nonathletic populations. (9,(18)(19)(20)(21)(22) Retired artistic female gymnasts also have significantly higher aBMD values when compared with nongymnasts, with differences ranging from 5% to 22%. (9,11,12,23) These effects suggest that potential bone gains from participation in high-impact sport in childhood and adolescence persist into adulthood after removal of the stimulus.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Higher premenarcheal bone mass in elite gymnasts is maintained into young adulthood after long-term retirement from sport: A 14-year follow-up

Erlandson

Kontulainen

Chilibeck

et al. 2011

Journal of Bone and Mineral Research

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Sports that impact-load the skeleton during childhood and adolescence increase determinants of bone strength such as bone mineral content and density; however, it is unclear if this benefit is maintained after retirement from the sport. The purpose of this study was to assess whether the previously reported higher bone mass in a group of premenarcheal gymnasts was still apparent 10 years after the cessation of participation and withdrawal of the gymnastics loading stimulus. In 1995, 30 gymnasts 8 to 15 years of age were measured and compared with 30 age-matched nongymnasts. Twenty-five former gymnasts and 22 nongymnasts were measured again 14 years later (2009 to 2010). Gymnasts had been retired from gymnastics training and competition for an average of 10 years. Total body (TB), lumbar spine (LS), and femoral neck (FN) bone mineral content (BMC) was assessed at both measurement occasions by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) was used to compare former gymnasts' and nongymnasts' BMC while controlling for differences in body size and maturation (covariates: age, height, weight, and years from menarche [1995] or age at menarche [2009 to 2010]). Premenarcheal gymnasts (measured in 1995) had significantly greater size-adjusted TB, LS, and FN BMC ( p < 0.05) (15%, 17%, and 12%, respectively) than nongymnasts. Ten years after retirement, gymnasts had maintained similar size-adjusted TB, LS, and FN BMC differences ( p < 0.05) (13%, 19%, and 13%, respectively) when compared with nongymnasts. Bone mass benefits in premenarcheal gymnasts were still apparent even after long-term (10 years) removal of the gymnastics loading stimulus. ß

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Bone mineral density in elite 7- to 9-yr-old female gymnasts and swimmers

Cited by 146 publications

References 10 publications

Longitudinal Bone Mineral Density Changes in Female Child Artistic Gymnasts

Longitudinal Bone Mineral Density Changes in Female Child Artistic Gymnasts

Peripubertal Moderate Exercise Increases Bone Mass in Boys but Not in Girls: A Population-Based Intervention Study

Higher premenarcheal bone mass in elite gymnasts is maintained into young adulthood after long-term retirement from sport: A 14-year follow-up

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