Bone Mineral Density, Bone Turnover, and Osteoprotegerin in Depressed Women With and Without Borderline Personality Disorder

Abstract

Depression is associated with reduced bone mass, in particular in patients with comorbid BPD. Possible factors contributing to BMD reduction include endocrine and immune alterations associated with either MDD or BPD. We conclude from our data that a history of MDD with and without comorbid BPD should be considered as a risk factor in clinical assessment instruments for the identification of persons prone to osteoporosis.

The underrated prevalence of depression in Japanese patients with rheumatoid arthritis - evidence from a Nationwide survey in Japan

“…Patients with major depression have increased Interleukin 6 (IL-6) [36]. concentrations and pro-inflammatory tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) [37] in serum, plasma, or both. A recent meta-analysis showed raised inflammatory markers such as IL-6 or C-reactive protein (CRP) are significantly associated with the subsequent development of depressive symptoms, which supports the hypothesis that there is an association between the inflammation and depression [38].…”

Osteoprotegerin levels in patients with severe mental disorders

“…The role of OPG has been investigated in other psychiatric disorders. One of these studies found that OPG levels were increased in young women with major depressive disorder, 34 whereas another study reported reduced OPG levels in female patients with depression and a history of anorexia. 35 However, in these studies, very few women were evaluated (i.e., 13 and 24, respectively).…”

A link between depression and bone metabolism: what are the implications for treatment?

“…The findings regarding osteocalcin, a marker of bone formation produced by osteoblasts, are contradictory [24][25][26][27]. Several investigations reported no difference in serum markers of bone turnover, including osteocalcin, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase and telopeptide (C-and N-terminal), in depression cases compared with controls, even when differences in BMD were found [25][26][27][28][29][30].…”

“…Several investigations reported no difference in serum markers of bone turnover, including osteocalcin, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase and telopeptide (C-and N-terminal), in depression cases compared with controls, even when differences in BMD were found [25][26][27][28][29][30]. With few exceptions [24,29], the majority of studies have reported no difference between depression cases and controls concerning calcium metabolism indicated by levels of parathyroid hormone or 25-OH vitamin D levels [25,27,28,30,31]. The inconsistency of the existing evidence regarding depression and markers of bone turnover probably stems from issues pertaining to study design, including small sample sizes and differing sample composition, the lack of longitudinal analyses or studies in men, and the risk of residual confounding from unaccounted variables, including psychotropic medication use and chronic medical conditions.…”

“…The findings regarding osteocalcin, a marker of bone formation produced by osteoblasts, are contradictory [24][25][26][27]. Several investigations reported no difference in serum markers of bone turnover, including osteocalcin, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase and telopeptide (C-and N-terminal), in depression cases compared with controls, even when differences in BMD were found [25][26][27][28][29][30]. With few exceptions [24,29], the majority of studies have reported no difference between depression cases and controls concerning calcium metabolism indicated by levels of parathyroid hormone or 25-OH vitamin D levels [25,27,28,30,31].…”