“…However, a previous study has reported similar result and sugggested that the incidence of osteoporosis is increasing among young Korean female adult population (D. S. Cho, & Lee, J. Y, 2008). This may be explained by several factors.…”
Section: Mcontrasting
confidence: 49%
“…HEALTH BEHAVIORS OF NURSING STUDENTS 4 available on the prevalence of unhealthy behaviors and potential relationships to obesity and osteoporosis among young females in Republic of Korea (D. S. Cho & Lee, 2008;Deere, Sayers, Rittweger, & Tobias, 2012).…”
Section: A C C E P T E D Accepted Manuscriptmentioning
“…However, a previous study has reported similar result and sugggested that the incidence of osteoporosis is increasing among young Korean female adult population (D. S. Cho, & Lee, J. Y, 2008). This may be explained by several factors.…”
Section: Mcontrasting
confidence: 49%
“…HEALTH BEHAVIORS OF NURSING STUDENTS 4 available on the prevalence of unhealthy behaviors and potential relationships to obesity and osteoporosis among young females in Republic of Korea (D. S. Cho & Lee, 2008;Deere, Sayers, Rittweger, & Tobias, 2012).…”
Section: A C C E P T E D Accepted Manuscriptmentioning
“…Hammad et al [ 39 ] also reported that participants with frequent consumption of soft drinks (> 3 cans/day) showed significantly lower heel BMD T-scores and Z-scores that those with rare soft drink intake (< 1 can/day) (Z-score, p = 0.02; T-score, p = 0.02). Meanwhile, Cho et al [ 38 ], Kim et al [ 42 ] and Kim et al [ 43 ] found no significant association between SSBs and BMD between participants who drank ≥1 serving/day and non−/occasional drinkers or between participants who drank SSBs ‘often’ or ‘not at all.’ Yeon et al [ 48 ] also found no significant association between SSBs and BMD when comparing women who consumed an average of 194.5 g/day of SSBs and those who consumed an average of 95.8 g/day, even though the SSBs consumption of the two groups differed significantly ( p < 0.05). Fig.…”
Background
Current evidence demonstrate that sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) and bone health are related; however, there has been only a few reviews on the link between SSBs and bone health. A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to investigate the association between SSBs consumption and bone health in chidren and adults.
Methods
Relevant studies of SSBs and bone health published up to 15 March 2021 were searched using PubMed, the Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and a reference search. A random-effects meta-analysis was conducted to estimate the standardized mean difference (SMD). Subgroup analyses were performed to identify whether effects were modified by age, sex, measured skeletal sites, type of SSBs, and SSBs intake questionnaire.
Results
Twenty-six publications including 124,691 participants were selected on the review. The results from this meta-analysis showed a significant inverse association between SSBs intake and bone mineral density (BMD) in adults (ES: -0.66, 95% CI: − 1.01, − 0.31, n = 4312). Eighteen of the 20 studies included in the qualitative-only review in children and adults supported the findings from the meta-analysis. When subgroup analysis was performed according to skeletal site, a large effect was found on whole body BMD (ES: -0.97, 95% CI: − 1.54, − 0.40). There was a moderate effect on BMD in females (ES: -0.50, 95% CI: − 0.87, − 0.13). There was a moderate or large effect on BMD in individuals aged under 50 years (under 30 years: ES: -0.57, 95% CI: − 0.97, − 0.17; 30 to 50 years: ES: -1.33, 95% CI: − 1.72, − 0.93). High consumption of carbonated beverages had a moderate effect on BMD (ES: -0.73, 95% CI: − 1.12, − 0.35).
Conclusion
The meta-analysis showed that SSBs consumption such as carbonated beverages were inversely related to BMD in adults. Qualitative review supported the results of meta-analysis.
Trial registration
This review was registered in the PROSPERO database under identifier CRD42020164428.
“…It is therefore imperative that young women secure maximal bone mass through healthy dietary habits and living habits [ 4 ]. Factors affecting bone mineral density include the following: age of menarche [ 5 ], body weight, amount of muscle, BMI [ 6 ], smoking [ 7 ], estrogen and progesterone status [ 8 ], and dietary intakes of vitamin D [ 9 ], isoflavones [ 10 ] and vitamin K [ 11 ]. Particularly in association with bone metabolism, vitamin K plays an essential role as a coenzyme during the carboxylation of γ-glutamic acid within the protein osteocalcin [ 12 ].…”
Vitamin K intake has been reported as an essential factor for bone formation. The current study was conducted under the hypothesis that insufficient vitamin K intake would affect inflammatory markers and bone mineral density in young adult women. The study was a cross-sectional design that included 75 women in their 20s. Physical assessments, bone mineral density measurements, 24-hr dietary recalls, and biochemical assessments for high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and percentages of undercarboxylated osteocalcin (%ucOC) were performed. An analysis of vitamin K nutritional status was performed comparing first, second, and third tertiles of intake based on %ucOC in plasma. Vitamin K intake levels in the first, second, and third tertiles were 94.88 ± 51.48 µg, 73.85 ± 45.15 µg, and 62.58 ± 39.92 µg, respectively (P < 0.05). The T-scores of the first and third tertiles were 1.06 and -0.03, respectively, indicating that bone mineral density was significantly lower in the group with lower vitamin K intake (P < 0.05). There was a tendency for different serum hs-CRP concentrations between the first (0.04 ± 0.02) and third tertiles (0.11 ± 0.18), however this was not statistically significant. Regression analysis was performed to identify the correlations between vitamin K nutritional status, inflammatory markers, and bone mineral density after adjusting for age and BMI. Serum hs-CRP concentrations were positively correlated with vitamin K deficiency status (P < 0.05). And bone mineral density, which was represented by speed, was negatively correlated with vitamin K deficiency status (P < 0.05). In conclusion, status of vitamin K affects inflammatory status and bone formation. Therefore, sufficient intake of vitamin K is required to secure peak bone mass in young adult women.
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