Bone Mineral Density and Body Composition in Short Children Born SGA during Growth Hormone and Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Analog Treatment

Abstract

Untreated short SGA adolescents had reduced BMD(TB) and BMD(LS) but normal bone size-corrected BMAD(LS). During GH treatment, BMD(TB) and BMD(LS) increased significantly, leading to a normal adult BMD in almost all patients. Two years of GnRHa in addition to GH treatment had no adverse effect on BMD or body composition.

Efficacy and Safety of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonist Treatment to Suppress Puberty in Gender Dysphoric Adolescents

“…In children who had been treated with GnRH analogues for CPP or to delay puberty during growth hormone treatment, body composition at adult height was comparable to that of controls. 26,27 We did not identify any renal or hepatic complications of the treatment, and previous studies on GnRHa treatment in children with precocious puberty did not find such adverse effects. 6 Therefore, it does not seem necessary to routinely monitor these parameters.…”

Growth Hormone Increases Bone Toughness and Decreases Muscle Inflammation in Glucocorticoid-Treated Mdx Mice, Model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

“…Exogenous growth hormone therapy has bone anabolic effects, and effectively increases bone mineral density (BMD) and bone formation in postmenopausal women, idiopathic osteoporotic men, as well as mice and rats with clear periosteal bone formation . In children with short stature, growth hormone treatment has been shown to improve BMD . Growth hormone, together with IGF‐1, is also known to regulate muscle mass and to have bone anabolic effects as demonstrated in animal studies as well as in clinical studies, especially when administered for longer than 1 year .…”

“…(13)(14)(15)(16) In children with short stature, growth hormone treatment has been shown to improve BMD. (17) Growth hormone, together with IGF-1, is also known to regulate muscle mass and to have bone anabolic effects as demonstrated in animal studies as well as in clinical studies, especially when administered for longer than 1 year. (13,14,(17)(18)(19)(20) GH is typically used to treat growth deficiency both in children and adults, Turner syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome, as well as serious muscle wasting caused by other diseases, such as AIDS.…”

Bone mineral density in Turner's syndrome and the influence of pubertal development

“…Methods, including conventional skeletal radiography, radiographic photo-densitometry, single-energy absorptiometry, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) or quantitative computed tomography, have been used in assessing bone density (3). This applies, for example, to subjects with TS (4) or short adolescents born small for gestational age (5). By contrast, bone mineral apparent density (BMAD) (g/cm 3 ) represents volumetric density and is estimated from BMC and the projected volume of bone.…”

“…BMAD is preferable to areal BMD in the assessment of short individuals because these subjects are likely to be misdiagnosed as having reduced bone density. This applies, for example, to subjects with TS (4) or short adolescents born small for gestational age (5). In previous studies, different formulas have been used to calculate BMAD (g/cm 3 ) (6,7).…”