Bone matrix and mineral abnormalities in postmenopausal osteoporosis

Burnell, James M.; Baylink, David J.; Chestnut, Charles; Mathews, Michael; Teubner, E

doi:10.1016/0026-0495(82)90161-5

Cited by 69 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Bone mineral density is often (and incorrectly) used to express the total density of bone substance (26). However, there is evidence that osteoporosis, for example, is a heterogeneous disease in which subgroups of patients are characterized by normal and reduced extent of mineralization (27). Similar situations also exist in rapidly synthesized total bone mass, as occurs, for instance, in fracture healing, where mineralization lags significantly behind the synthesis of the organic matrix.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Multinuclear solid-state three-dimensional MRI of bone and synthetic calcium phosphates

Chesler

Glimcher

et al. 1999

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Multinuclear three-dimensional solid-state MRI of bone, tooth, and synthetic calcium phosphates is demonstrated in vitro and in vivo with a projection reconstruction technique based on acquisition of free induction decays in the presence of fixed amplitude magnetic field gradients. Phosphorus-31 solid-state MRI provides direct images of the calcium phosphate constituents of bone substance and is a quantitative measurement of the true volumetric bone mineral density of the bone. Proton solid-state MRI shows the density of bone matrix including its organic constituents, which consist principally of collagen. These solid-state MRI methods promise to yield a biological picture of bone richer in information concerning the bone composition and short range-crystalline order than the f luid-state images provided by conventional proton MRI or the density images produced by radiologic imaging techniques. Three-dimensional solidstate projection reconstruction MRI should be readily adaptable to both human clinical use and nonmedical applications for a variety of solids in materials science.The solid substance (1) of cancellous and compact bone, consisting of solid phases of calcium phosphate mineral and organic matrix, is most often characterized in vivo by noninvasive methods including ionizing radiation, among which are emission tomography based on radiolabeled pharmaceuticals, x-ray computed tomography, and dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. One of the few nonradiative methods is conventional (i.e., fluid state) proton NMR imaging (or MRI), which has been used recently to characterize the total bone substance (mineral plus matrix) in a specific region of cancellous bone tissue indirectly by imaging the marrow space. In effect, a negative image of the bone substance is produced. If the image has sufficiently high spatial resolution such that the marrow spaces between the bony trabeculae are resolved (which is difficult to achieve for humans in vivo), the microarchitectural details of the trabecular network may be geometrically analyzed in various ways (2), and the volume fraction of bone substance (which is related to the bone mineral density) may be determined. If the image has insufficient spatial resolution, signal dephasing caused by the microscopic distribution of magnetic susceptibility discontinuities between marrow and bone substance can be used to derive information (e.g., textural information) about the trabecular network (3, 4), which may or may not be related to the mass of bone.However, none of the noninvasive characterization methods is capable of yielding direct information concerning the masses of bone mineral and matrix independently and are, therefore, incapable of yielding the extent of mineralization (the ratio of actual mineral density to full potential mineralization). Most importantly, they provide no information about the chemical composition or chemical structure of the mineral.Bone mineral is a nonstoichiometric calcium-deficient apatite, whose crystal structure is basically that of the sy...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Multinuclear solid-state three-dimensional MRI of bone and synthetic calcium phosphates

Chesler

Glimcher

et al. 1999

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…While most body Mg, 50-60%, resides in the skeleton, and skeletal Mg reflects Mg status, studies have reported low, normal or high bone Mg content in osteoporosis [39][40][41][42][43][44][45].…”

Section: Mg Status In Patients With Osteoporosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnesium deficiency and osteoporosis: animal and human observations

Rude

Gruber

2004

The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry

286

170

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“…These constituents are distributed in different patterns in various types of bone. Classical chemical analyses of ash content (percent mineral after the water and organic components are burnedoff) 14,71,88,99,124,128 ; mineral ion composition; 13,21,22,56,71,88,83,120 electron microscopic and xray diffraction analysis of bone mineral crystal size 6,8,11,23,55,56,57, 107,118,122 ; and vibrational spectroscopic analysis of mineral content (mineral to matrix ratio), carbonate content, and acid phosphate content 15,16,23,24,30,77 have been used to analyze homogenized biopsy and cadaver tissues and bones from animal models of osteoporosis. 13,71,88,99,125 Newer techniques, such as backscatter electron imaging, 8,18 atomic force microscopy, 58,119 small angle neutron or xray scattering, 108,109,110 nuclear magnetic imaging, 20,28,128 Fourier transform infrared (FTIR)imaging, and Raman microscopic imaging, 16,24,75 more recently have been used or have the potential to be used in the analyses of mineral properties in osteoporotic tissues.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mineral Changes in Osteoporosis

Faibish¹,

Ott²,

Boskey³

2006

Clinical Orthopaedics &Amp; Related Research

140

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Bone mineral composition, crystallinity, and bone mineral content of osteoporotic patients are different from those of normal subjects. We review the evidence that these mineralization parameters contribute to the strength (fracture resistance) of bone and the methods that have been used to examine them. A specific example is provided from analysis of biopsies from the Multiple Outcomes in Raloxifene Evaluation trial. For the analyses, randomly selected biopsies from placebo, low-dose, and high-dose groups (n = 5 per group) obtained at time zero and 2 years after treatment were examined by infrared imaging spectroscopy. In all cases, comparable increases in mineral content were found, but there were no significant variations in mineral crystallinity.Osteoporosis is a devastating disease that affects more than 10 million people in the United States, with annual costs in excess of 13.5 billion dollars. 123 According to the US Surgeon General's Report, 123 by the year 2020 1/2 of all Americans older than 50 years will be at risk of an osteoporotic fragility fracture. Osteoporosis is characterized by low bone mass and structural deterioration of bone, leading to bone fragility and an increased tendency to fracture. Fracture resistance is determined by the strength of the bone, which in turn depends on its geometric properties (size, shape, and connectivity), the activities of the cells in the tissue, and the material properties of the tissue. 36,73,109 The material properties of bone include the mineral content, 73 mineral composition and mineral crystal size, 27 and matrix content and composition. 35 The most frequently used clinical indication of osteoporosis and fracture risk, bone mineral density (BMD), is also the most readily accessible non-invasive measure of bone mineral content. 85 The purpose of this review is to describe the additional properties that may be predictive of mechanical strength obtained by analyses of bone tissue specimens. Methods of analysis and recent data obtained by these methods also are reviewed to show how material properties are altered in osteoporosis.Specific questions addressed are how the composition of bone is altered in osteoporosis; how mineral crystal composition and size vary in osteoporosis; how spectroscopic analyses can be used to characterize these alterations in properties with high spatial resolution; and how therapies currently in clinical use affect these properties. The Composition of BoneBone is a composite consisting, in decreasing order, of mineral (an analogue of geologic hydroxyapatite [HA]), an organic matrix, cells, and water. 14 The organic matrix predominately Correspondence to:

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Bone matrix and mineral abnormalities in postmenopausal osteoporosis

Cited by 69 publications

References 14 publications

Multinuclear solid-state three-dimensional MRI of bone and synthetic calcium phosphates

Multinuclear solid-state three-dimensional MRI of bone and synthetic calcium phosphates

Magnesium deficiency and osteoporosis: animal and human observations

Mineral Changes in Osteoporosis

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