The cell lineage origin of IFN-producing killer dendritic cells (IKDCs), which exhibit prominent antitumoral activity, has been subject to debate. Although IKDCs were first described as a cell type exhibiting both plasmacytoid DC and natural killer (NK) cell properties, the current view reflects that IKDCs merely represent activated NK cells expressing B220, which were thus renamed B220 ؉ NK cells. Herein, we further investigate the lineage relation of B220 ؉ NK cells with regard to other NK-cell subsets. We surprisingly find that, after adoptive transfer, B220 ؊ NK cells did not acquire B220 expression, even in the presence of potent activating stimuli. These findings strongly argue against the concept that B220
IntroductionNatural killer (NK) cells are large granular lymphocytes that were first described for their capacity to spontaneously eliminate tumor cells and virus-infected cells without prior sensitization. 1 These functions are mediated by an array of Ig-like and C-type lectin receptors that deliver both activating and inhibitory signals. 1 In addition to their cytotoxic activity, NK cells rapidly produce vast amounts of cytokines, such as IFN-␥, as well as other cellular mediators, including chemokines. NK cells thus act as an important first line of defense in the early control of virus infection, in tumor immunosurveillance, and in immunoregulation.The differentiation of NK cells from hematopoietic stem cells in the BM is incompletely understood, but it is thought to occur in a sequential manner that involves multiple stages of development that is based on phenotype, function, and turnover. 2 The first committed NK-cell precursor (NKP) is characterized by CD122 ϩ expression in the absence of the expression of other lineage markers, 3 although a pre-NKP cell lacking CD122 expression has recently been characterized as a NK cell-committed progenitor preceding NKP in the differentiation stages. 4 NKPs subsequently give rise to immature NK (iNK) cells that express CD122 along with NK1.1 and CD94/NKG2. As iNK cells differentiate further, they undergo education to achieve their full functional competence, and they acquire CD49b expression to finally become mature NK (mNK) cells. 2 These CD49b ϩ mNK cells still compose a heterogeneous cell population that may be segregated according to their phenotype, function, and tissue distribution. Indeed, functional maturation of CD49b ϩ mNK cells proceeds along 4 stages from the CD11b Ϫ CD27 Ϫ to the CD11b Ϫ CD27 ϩ then to the CD11b ϩ CD27 ϩ and finally to the CD11b ϩ CD27 Ϫ subset. 5 Several other markers are acquired along this differentiation process, including CD43, CD94-NKG2, and Ly49 receptors. [5][6][7] Finally, on activation, mNK cells gain the expression of additional activation markers, namely CD69, CD44, FasL, CD86, and MHC II. [8][9][10][11][12] In addition, activated mNK cells increase in size and show heightened functional properties such as an enhanced cytolytic potential and increased ability to produce cytokines. 2 Notably, activated mNK cells show ...