Bone Health in Endurance Athletes

Scofield, Kirk L.; Hecht, Suzanne

doi:10.1249/jsr.0b013e3182779193

Cited by 121 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…On the other hand, fracture risk reduction has not been established in randomized trials with long term physical activity. Importantly, results from endurance exercise trials, particularly in the elderly, are even less convincing, with some studies showing preservation of bone mass and others showing no effect or even bone loss (Braam et al, 2003; Duckham et al, 2013; Scofield and Hecht, 2012). Consistent with the latter effect, brief bouts of endurance training have been shown to increase bone resorption and stimulate sclerostin, an endogenous inhibitor of bone formation (Baron and Kneissel, 2013; Kohrt et al, 2018; Pickering et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Irisin Mediates Effects on Bone and Fat via αV Integrin Receptors

Kim

Wrann²,

Jedrychowski

et al. 2018

Cell

426

431

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Summary Irisin is secreted by muscle, increased with exercise and mediates certain favorable effects of physical activity. In particular, irisin has been shown to have beneficial effects in adipose tissues, brain and bone. However, the skeletal response to exercise is less clear and the receptor for irisin has not been identified. Here we show that irisin binds to proteins of the αV class of integrins and biophysical studies identify interacting surfaces between irisin and αV/β5 integrin. Chemical inhibition of the αV integrins blocks signaling and function by irisin in osteocytes and fat cells. Irisin increases both osteocytic survival and production of sclerostin, a local modulator of bone remodeling. Genetic ablation of FNDC5/irisin completely blocks osteocytic osteolysis induced by ovariectomy, preventing bone loss and supporting an important role for irisin in skeletal remodeling. The identification of the irisin receptor should greatly facilitate our understanding of irisin’s function in exercise and human health.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Irisin Mediates Effects on Bone and Fat via αV Integrin Receptors

Kim

Wrann²,

Jedrychowski

et al. 2018

Cell

426

431

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…However, endurance exercise, including running, generally does not increase BMD. In fact, long-distance runners often exhibit osteopenia (Scofield and Hecht, 2012, Barrack et al, 2011), a well-established risk factor for fracture (Pasco et al, 2013). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Chronic Heavy Alcohol Consumption and Endurance Exercise on Cancellous and Cortical Bone Microarchitecture in Adult Male Rats

Johnson

Gaddini

Branscum

et al. 2014

Alcoholism Clin & Exp Res

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Background Bone health is influenced by numerous lifestyle factors, including diet and exercise. Alcohol is a major non-essential constituent of diet and has dose and context-dependent effects on bone. Endurance exercise is associated with increased risk for stress fractures. The purpose of this study was to determine the long-term independent and combined effects of chronic heavy alcohol consumption and endurance exercise (treadmill running) on bone mass and microarchitecture in young adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Methods Six-month-old male rats were randomized into 4 groups (9–13 rats/group): sedentary+control diet, sedentary+ethanol diet, exercise+control diet, or exercise+ethanol diet. Ethanol-fed rats consumed a liquid diet (ethanol comprised 35% of caloric intake) ad libitum. Control rats were pair-fed the same diet with isocaloric substitution of ethanol with maltose-dextran. Exercise was conducted on a motorized treadmill (15% grade for 30 min) 5 days/week for 16 weeks. Femur and 12th thoracic vertebra were analyzed for bone mineral content (BMC) and density (BMD) using densitometry and cortical and cancellous bone architecture using microcomputed tomography. Results Ethanol consumption resulted in lower femur length, BMC, and BMD, and lower midshaft femur cortical volume, cortical thickness, and polar moment of inertia. In addition, trabecular thickness was lower in vertebra of ethanol-fed rats. Endurance exercise had no independent effect on any endpoints evaluated. A significant interaction between endurance exercise and ethanol was detected for several cancellous endpoints in the distal femur metaphysis. Ethanol-consuming rats that exercised had lower distal femur metaphysis bone volume/tissue volume, trabecular connectivity density, and trabecular thickness compared to exercising rats that consumed control diet. Conclusions The results obtained in this model suggest that chronic heavy alcohol consumption may reduce skeletal integrity by reducing bone size, mass, and density, and by negatively altering cancellous bone microarchitecture and may increase fracture risk associated with endurance exercise at weight bearing skeletal sites.

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“…However, endurance runners tend to have lower BMD than athletes from other weight-bearing sports, such as sprinters or gymnasts, where forces applied to bone are more likely to be varied in magnitude and directions (Scofield and Hecht 2012). Master athletes over the age of 65 years who are still competing in running events have been shown to possess higher BMD than non-active counterparts (Velez et al 2008).…”

Section: Bone Mineral Density (Bmd)mentioning

confidence: 99%

The interactions of physical activity, exercise and genetics and their associations with bone mineral density: implications for injury risk in elite athletes

et al. 2018

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Low bone mineral density (BMD) is established as a primary predictor of osteoporotic risk and can also have substantial implications for athlete health and injury risk in the elite sporting environment. BMD is a highly multi-factorial phenotype influenced by diet, hormonal characteristics and physical activity. The interrelationships between such factors, and a strong genetic component, suggested to be around 50–85% at various anatomical sites, determine skeletal health throughout life. Genome-wide association studies and case–control designs have revealed many loci associated with variation in BMD. However, a number of the candidate genes identified at these loci have no known associated biological function or have yet to be replicated in subsequent investigations. Furthermore, few investigations have considered gene–environment interactions—in particular, whether specific genes may be sensitive to mechanical loading from physical activity and the outcome of such an interaction for BMD and potential injury risk. Therefore, this review considers the importance of physical activity on BMD, genetic associations with BMD and how subsequent investigation requires consideration of the interaction between these determinants. Future research using well-defined independent cohorts such as elite athletes, who experience much greater mechanical stress than most, to study such phenotypes, can provide a greater understanding of these factors as well as the biological underpinnings of such a physiologically “extreme” population. Subsequently, modification of training, exercise or rehabilitation programmes based on genetic characteristics could have substantial implications in both the sporting and public health domains once the fundamental research has been conducted successfully.

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Bone Health in Endurance Athletes

Cited by 121 publications

References 27 publications

Irisin Mediates Effects on Bone and Fat via αV Integrin Receptors

Irisin Mediates Effects on Bone and Fat via αV Integrin Receptors

Effects of Chronic Heavy Alcohol Consumption and Endurance Exercise on Cancellous and Cortical Bone Microarchitecture in Adult Male Rats

The interactions of physical activity, exercise and genetics and their associations with bone mineral density: implications for injury risk in elite athletes

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