Bone Grafts in Craniofacial Surgery

Abstract

Reconstruction of cranial and maxillofacial defects is a challenging task. The standard reconstruction method has been bone grafting. In this review, we shall describe the biological principles of bone graft healing, as pertinent to craniofacial reconstruction. Different types and sources of bone grafts will be discussed, as well as new methods of bone defect reconstruction.

Vreden Russian Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics

“…Только в США в 2013 г. было использова-но около миллиона аллотрансплантатов [19]. Известно, что их трансплантация выполняет-ся в 10 раз чаще, чем пересадка других органов и тканей [14], и занимает второе место после переливания компонентов крови [20]. Таким образом, идеальный костнопласти-ческий материал должен представлять собой трехмерную тканеинженерную конструкцию, содержащую живые клетки и/или биологиче-ски активные вещества, которая не только за-полняет дефект, обладает необходимыми проч-ностными характеристиками и стимулирует процессы костеобразования, но и способна ге-нерировать новую кость [2,7,8,21].…”

Bone Graft Substitutes for Bone Defect Regeneration. A Collective Review

“…Lack of integration between the graft and adjacent bone segments, makes the process slow and rarely complete [22]. Finally, graft incorporation can be summed up into five main steps [2]: (1) hematoma formation, release of bone inducing factors and cellular recruitment, (2) inflammation and development of fibro-vascular tissue, connecting the graft to the adjacent bone, (3) vascular invasion of the graft, (4) focal resorption of the graft by recruited osteoclasts, (5) new bone formation, union between the graft and the surrounding bone, and graft remodeling.…”

“…Bone is the second most transplanted tissue in the body [1,2], with approximately 3.5 million bone graft procedures performed each year [3]. There are many cases in which bone grafts are needed in large quantity such as for reconstruction of large bone defects caused by trauma, tumors, infections, and congenital defects, and also in cases where the regeneration is compromised (osteoporosis, necrosis and atrophic non-unions) [4,5].…”

Immediate iliac bone graft reconstruction of post ablative defect of benign mandibular pathology - a systematic review

“…[9] At present, autogenous graft (vascularized or non vascularized) remains the most popular means of reconstructing continuity mandibular defect having the best chance of take as they provide viable and immune compatible osteogenic cells. [11,12] The main aim of mandibular reconstruction following ablative surgery is the restoration of form and function usually achieved by autogenous bone grafts (ABG). [13,14] Different sites of the body are available for harvesting the graft, however, the choice of a particular donor site depends on factors such as the type and extent of tissue defect, rehabilitation expectation of the patient, condition of the recipient bed, availability of necessary equipment and expertise of the surgeon.…”