Bone grafts and biomaterials substitutes for bone defect repair: A review

Abstract

Bone grafts have been predominated used to treat bone defects, delayed union or non-union, and spinal fusion in orthopaedic clinically for a period of time, despite the emergency of synthetic bone graft substitutes. Nevertheless, the integration of allogeneic grafts and synthetic substitutes with host bone was found jeopardized in long-term follow-up studies. Hence, the enhancement of osteointegration of these grafts and substitutes with host bone is considerably important. To address this problem, addition of various growth factors, such as bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), parathyroid hormone (PTH) and platelet rich plasma (PRP), into structural allografts and synthetic substitutes have been considered. Although clinical applications of these factors have exhibited good bone formation, their further application was limited due to high cost and potential adverse side effects. Alternatively, bioinorganic ions such as magnesium, strontium and zinc are considered as alternative of osteogenic biological factors. Hence, this paper aims to review the currently available bone grafts and bone substitutes as well as the biological and bio-inorganic factors for the treatments of bone defect.

Synergistic effect of extracellularly supplemented osteopontin and osteocalcin on stem cell proliferation, osteogenic differentiation, and angiogenic properties

“…54,55 To surpass these obstacles, functional bone grafts need to be designed by incorporating osteoinductive components that accelerate cell recruitment, proliferation, vascularization and osteogenic differentiation and result in bone regeneration at the defect site. However numerous studies have reported limitations, disadvantages and complications of these current clinical treatments.…”

Time analysis of alveolar ridge preservation using a combination of mineralized bone‐plug and dense‐polytetrafluoroethylene membrane: A histomorphometric study

“…The allogenic bone substitute has been extensively investigated for its properties to provide an adequate amount of vital bone for implant placement and its ability in reducing the resorption that occurs after tooth extraction . Another advantage of this material is its rapid turnover and replacement by the host bone . A high safety, sterile material, derived from human donor bone been introduced that consists of a mineralized cancellous allograft, processed specifically for tissue preservation and viral inactivation.…”

Synthesis and characterization of biomimetic bioceramic nanoparticles with optimized physicochemical properties for bone tissue engineering

“…Based on energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) study, it was found that the prolonged milling time in nHA-2 had almost no remarkable impact on major or minor elemental compositions of nanoparticles compared to nHA-1 (Table IV). 43 Furthermore, these elemental impurities can fill the defect sites in calcium-deficient nHA. 41,42 However, 100% pure element may not be a favorable choice as it has been reported that the availability of other elements in (i.e., Na, Mg, carbonate, F, Si) in calcium phosphates biomaterial can improve fabrication and function of bone implants when compared to pure biomaterials.…”