Bone and Tooth Interface: Periodontal Ligament

Bartold, P. Mark

doi:10.1002/9781118704868.ch26

Cited by 8 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…Regardless, compression-based strain fields are known to promote resorption in bone, while tension-based strain fields are known to promote mineral formation. As such, with cyclic chewing loads, it is expected that tension-based and compression-based strain fields in the complex can promote subsequent cellular response for continuous physiological remodeling and maintenance (Beertsen et al, 1997; Herber et al, 2012) or pathological adaptations leading to function impairment (Bartold, 2012; Hurng et al, 2011; Wolff, 1986). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(Graber and Vanarsdall, 1994; Hurng et al, 2011; McCulloch et al, 2000). As such, mechanical loads on the fibrous joint could induce local strains within the bone-PDL-cementum complex that can generate site-specific physiological changes to maintain the PDL-space or pathological tissue adaptations if loads exceed physiological threshold limits (Bartold, 2012; Wolff, 1986). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biomechanics of a bone–periodontal ligament–tooth fibrous joint

Lin

Özcoban

Greene

et al. 2013

Journal of Biomechanics

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This study investigates bone-tooth association under compression to identify strain amplified sites within the bone-periodontal ligament (PDL)-tooth fibrous joint. Our results indicate that the biomechanical response of the joint is due to a combinatorial response of constitutive properties of organic, inorganic, and fluid components. Second maxillary molars within intact maxillae (N=8) of 5-month-old rats were loaded with a μ-XCT-compatible in situ loading device at various permutations of displacement rates (0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 mm/min) and peak reactionary load responses (5, 10, 15, 20 N). Results indicated a nonlinear biomechanical response of the joint, in which the observed reactionary load rates were directly proportional to displacement rates (velocities). No significant differences in peak reactionary load rates at a displacement rate of 0.2 mm/min were observed. However, for displacement rates greater than 0.2 mm/min, an increasing trend in reactionary rate was observed for every peak reactionary load with significant increases at 2.0 mm/min. Regardless of displacement rates, two distinct behaviors were identified with stiffness (S) and reactionary load rate (LR) values at a peak load of 5 N (S5 N=290–523 N/mm) being significantly lower than those at 10 N (LR5 N=1–10 N/s) and higher (S10N–20 N=380–684 N/mm; LR10N–20 N=1–19 N/s). Digital image correlation revealed the possibility of a screw-like motion of the tooth into the PDL-space, i.e., predominant vertical displacement of 35 μm at 5 N, followed by a slight increase to 40 μm at 10 N and 50 μm at 20 N of the tooth and potential tooth rotation at loads above 10 N. Narrowed and widened PDL spaces as a result of tooth displacement indicated areas of increased apparent strain within the complex. We propose that such highly strained regions are “hot spots” that can potentiate local tissue adaptation under physiological loading and adverse tissue adaptation under pathological loading conditions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomechanics of a bone–periodontal ligament–tooth fibrous joint

Lin

Özcoban

Greene

et al. 2013

Journal of Biomechanics

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“…“Plasticity” of moving components resulting from time‐related reactionary responses of their tissues by virtue of the interplay between the nanometer polyphasic constituents and cells is essential to maintain the overall function of the periodontal complex. However, an excess of strain fields regardless of compression or tension under the influence of pathologic loads in conjunction with disease could result in pathologic tissue adaptations and joint function impairment …”

Section: Multiscale Mechano‐adaptation Of Periodontally Compromised Dmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomechanical pathways of dentoalveolar fibrous joints in health and disease

Lin

Ryder

Kang

et al. 2019

Periodontology 2000

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Spatial and temporal adaptations within periodontal tissues and their interfaces result from functional loads. Functional loads can be physiologic and/or pathologic in nature. The prolonged effect of these loads can alter the overall biomechanics of a dentoalveolar fibrous joint (dentoalveolar joint) by changing the form of the tooth root and its socket. This “sculpting” of the tooth root and alveolar bony socket is a consequence of several mechano‐biological changes that occur within the periodontal complex of a load‐bearing dentoalveolar joint. These include changes in biochemical expressions, structure, elemental composition, and mechanical properties of alveolar bone, the underlying tissues of the roots of teeth, and their interfaces. These physicochemical changes in tissues continue to prompt mechano‐responsive biochemical activities at the attachment sites of periodontal ligament (soft) with bone (hard), and ligament with cementum (hard), which are the entheses of a load‐bearing dentoalveolar joint. Forces at soft‐hard tissue attachment sites between disparate materials with different stiffness values theoretically generate strain singularities or discontinuities. These discontinuities under prolonged functional loading increase the probability for failure to occur specifically at the enthesial zones. However, in a normal dentoalveolar joint, gradual stiffness gradients exist from ligament to bone, and from ligament to cementum. The gradual transitions in stiffness from softer ligament (lower stiffness) to harder bone or cementum (higher stiffness) or vice versa optimize tissue and interfacial strains. Optimization of tissue and ligament‐enthesial physical and chemical properties facilitates transmission of cyclic forces of varying magnitudes and frequencies that collectively maintain the overall biomechanics of a dentoalveolar joint. The objectives of this review are 3‐fold: (i) to illustrate physicochemical adaptations at the periodontal ligament entheses of a human periodontal complex affected by subgingival calculus; (ii) to demonstrate how to “program” the hallmarks of periodontitis in small‐scale vertebrates in vivo to generate spatiotemporal maps of physicochemical adaptations in a diseased dentoalveolar joint; and (iii) to correlate dentoalveolar joint biomechanics in healthy and diseased states to spatiotemporal maps of physicochemical adaptations within respective periodontal tissues. This interdisciplinary approach demonstrates that physicochemical adaptations within periodontal tissues using the mechanics of materials (tissue mechanics), materials science (tissue composition), and mechano‐biology (matrix molecules) can help explain the mechano‐adaptation of dentoalveolar joints in normal and diseased functional states. Multiscale biomechanics and mechano‐biology approaches can provide insights into the functional competence of a diseased relative to a normal dentoalveolar joint. Insights gathered from interdisciplinary and multiscale biomechanics approaches include the following: (i) ph...

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“…The fusion or patency of cranial sutures can be thought of as a competition between the inherently osteogenic surfaces of the articulating bones vs all the factors that tend to keep the bone fronts apart. Unlike the superficially similar periodontal ligament, sutures do not seem to have innate molecular mechanisms that retard mineralization and inhibit fusion. Regional variation in TGF signalling from the dura mater governs the early post‐natal fate of the dorsal midline sutures in rats, but a similar influence has not been found for other sutures, and as there is no dura mater in the face, it is not clear that any such mechanism exists for facial sutures or even for other cranial sutures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanobiology of bone and suture – Results from a pig model

Rafferty

Baldwin

Soh

et al. 2019

Orthod Craniofacial Res

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Structured Abstract Objective To compare the morphology and mechanical function of sutures in normal pigs and minipigs to those of Yucatan minipigs, a natural model for midfacial hypoplasia. Setting and Sample Population Research took place at the Department of Orthodontics at the University of Washington and used varying sample sizes of normal‐snouted pigs and Yucatan minipigs. Material and Methods Skulls and heads were examined for morphology of the nasofrontal suture using computed tomography and histology. Strain gauge recordings were made of sutural strain during mastication and during cyclic tensile loading of the nasofrontal suture. Results Sutures in Yucatans had narrower gaps than same‐age normal pigs. The nasofrontal suture was simpler in construction and had more active osteoblasts on the bone fronts in Yucatans. The sutural ligament was less well organized, and based on a small sample, masticatory strain appeared to be lower than in normal minipigs. However, sutures were not fused and showed similar strains in response to the cyclic loading procedure. Conclusion Midfacial hypoplasia in Yucatan pigs has the likely proximate cause of hyperossification. Yet prior to fusion, the sutures appear to be amenable to treatment that would promote their growth rate.

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Bone and Tooth Interface: Periodontal Ligament

Cited by 8 publications

References 55 publications

Biomechanics of a bone–periodontal ligament–tooth fibrous joint

Biomechanics of a bone–periodontal ligament–tooth fibrous joint

Biomechanical pathways of dentoalveolar fibrous joints in health and disease

Mechanobiology of bone and suture – Results from a pig model

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