Bone and body mass changes during space flight

Schneider, Victoria; Оганов, В. С.; LeBlanc, Adrian; Rakmonov, A.; Taggart, L.; Бакулин, А. В.; Huntoon, Carolyn L.; Grigoriev, Anatoly I.; Varonin, L.

doi:10.1016/0094-5765(95)00131-x

Cited by 53 publications

(21 citation statements)

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“…In this regard, weight bearing exercise has been shown to significantly increase BND and reduce fracture risk in postmenopausal women, 14 as well as in patients on a nonsurgical weight loss program. 38 In contrast, bone loss has been demonstrated in various conditions resulting in immobilization and unloading of the skeleton including spinal cord injury, 39 bed rest, 40 space flight, 41 and in animal studies, hindlimb unloading. 42 Mechanical loading sensed by osteocytes inhibits the production of mRNA for the SOST gene, which in turn results in decreased sclerostin production.…”

Section: Impact Of Bariatric Surgery On Bone Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bariatric surgery and bone disease: from clinical perspective to molecular insights

et al. 2012

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Section: Impact Of Bariatric Surgery On Bone Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bariatric surgery and bone disease: from clinical perspective to molecular insights

et al. 2012

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“…Bone adjusts to load by changing its mass, shape or microarchitecture (10). It has been reported that removing the load results in bone loss (11), whereas application of a load causes bone apposition (12). However, the precise mechanism by which loading is transduced into cellular control of bone remodeling is unknown.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of the release from mechanical stress on osteoclastogenesis in RAW264.7 cells

Yoshimura¹

2011

Int J Mol Med

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Abstract. The effects of mechanical stress release on osteoclastogenesis may be as important as those of mechanical stress application. However, the direct effects of mechanical stress on the behavior of osteoclasts has not been thoroughly investigated and there is limited information on the results of the release from mechanical stress. In this study, the effects of mechanical stress application and its release on osteoclast differentiation were examined. The number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinucleated osteoclasts derived from RAW264.7 cells were measured and the expression of osteoclast differentiation genes, which was altered in response to the release from mechanical stress according to the Flexercell tension system was evaluated by real-time PcR. Osteoclast differentiation and fusion were suppressed by mechanical stress application and were rapidly induced after mechanical stress release. The mRNA expression of the osteoclast specific genes, TRAP, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), cathepsin-K (cath-k), calcitonin receptor (cTR), ATPase H + transporting vacuolar proton pump member I (ATP6i), chloride channel-7 (clc7) and dendritic cell-specific transmembrane protein (dc-STAMP) was decreased with mechanical stress application, and increased up to 48 h after the release from it. These alterations in gene mRNA expression were associated with the number of osteoclasts and large osteoclasts. Inducible nitric oxide synthetase (iNOS) mRNA was increased with mechanical stress and decreased after its release. Nitric oxide (NO) production was increased with mechanical stress. Nuclear factor of activated T cells cytoplasmic (NFATc) family mRNAs were not altered with mechanical stress, but were up-regulated up to 48 h after the release from it. These findings indicate that the suppression of osteoclast differentiation and fusion induced by mechanical stress is the result of NO increase via iNOS, and that the promotion of osteoclast differentiation and fusion after the release from mechanical stress is related to the NFATc family genes, whose expression remained constant during mechanical stress but was up-regulated after the release from mechanical stress.

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“…During long-term space flight, astronauts experience losses in bone mineral density in addition to the loss of muscle (Schneider et al, 1995;LeBlanc et al, 2000;Iwamoto et al, 2005). Locomotive exercise is performed by astronauts, resulting in a ground reaction force (GRF) that may create bone strains hypothesized to be an osteogenic stimulus (Rubin and Lanyon, 1985).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of increasing inertia upon vertical ground reaction forces and temporal kinematics during locomotion

Witt

Hagan

Cromwell

2008

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYThe addition of inertia to exercising astronauts could increase ground reaction forces and potentially provide a greater health benefit. However, conflicting results have been reported regarding the adaptations to additional mass (inertia) without additional net weight (gravitational force) during locomotion. We examined the effect of increasing inertia while maintaining net gravitational force on vertical ground reaction forces and temporal kinematics during walking and running. Vertical ground reaction force was measured for 10 healthy adults (five male/five female) during walking (1.34·m·s -1 ) and running (3.13·m·s -1 ) using a force-measuring treadmill. Subjects completed locomotion at normal weight and mass and at 10, 20, 30 and 40% of added inertial force. The added gravitational force was relieved with overhead suspension, so that the net force between the subject and treadmill at rest remained equal to 100% body weight. Ground reaction forces were affected by the added inertial force, but not to the magnitude predicted by the increase in mass, suggesting that adaptations in motion occurred. Vertical ground reaction force production and adaptations in gait temporal kinematics were different between walking and running. Peak vertical impact forces and loading rates increased with increased inertia during walking, and decreased during running. As inertia increased, peak vertical propulsive forces decreased during walking and did not change during running. Stride time increased during walking and running, and contact time increased during running. The increased inertial forces were utilized independently from gravitational forces by the motor control system when determining coordination strategies.

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Bone and body mass changes during space flight

Cited by 53 publications

References 0 publications

Bariatric surgery and bone disease: from clinical perspective to molecular insights

Bariatric surgery and bone disease: from clinical perspective to molecular insights

Effect of the release from mechanical stress on osteoclastogenesis in RAW264.7 cells

The effect of increasing inertia upon vertical ground reaction forces and temporal kinematics during locomotion

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