Bonding between oxide ceramics and adhesive cement systems: A systematic review

Abstract

The following aims were set for this systematic literature review: (a) to make an inventory of existing methods to achieve bondable surfaces on oxide ceramics and (b) to evaluate which methods might provide sufficient bond strength. Current literature of in vitro studies regarding bond strength achieved using different surface treatments on oxide ceramics in combination with adhesive cement systems was selected from PubMed and systematically analyzed and completed with reference tracking. The total number of publications included for aim a was 127 studies, 23 of which were used for aim b. The surface treatments are divided into seven main groups: as-produced, grinding/polishing, airborne particle abrasion, surface coating, laser treatment, acid treatment, and primer treatment. There are large variations, making comparison of the studies difficult. An as-produced surface of oxide ceramic needs to be surface treated to achieve durable bond strength. Abrasive surface treatment and/or silica-coating treatment with the use of primer treatment can provide sufficient bond strength for bonding oxide ceramics. This conclusion, however, needs to be confirmed by clinical studies. There is no universal surface treatment. Consideration should be given to the specific materials to be cemented and to the adhesive cement system to be used.

Structural and Morphological Evaluation of Presintered Zirconia following Different Surface Treatments

“…27,28,40 In the present study, the combination of mechanical surface treatment (APA with Al 2 O 3 ) and chemical surface treatment by primer (MDP-based primer and cement) increased the bond strength. These results are in accordance with studies that stated that the combination of air abrasion and resin cement containing MDP monomer increases the bond strength to zirconia, 29,30,41,42 this could be explained by the increase in surface Ra, that subsequently increase the surface area of bonding, and improving wettability, in addition to the phosphate monomer that reacts with oxides on the zirconia surface and increases bond strength. 25,43 The highest SBS value was for group II that was abraded after sintering, this may be due to the surface roughness created as a result of APA after sintering that was not affected by sintering temperature, whereas in other groups that were abraded before sintering, the created surface roughness which is the imprint of abraded particles shape was changed and lost a part of its surface roughness characteristics during the sintering process.…”

Bond strength of universal adhesives to air-abraded zirconia ceramics

“…The definitive clinically durable bond strength between a resin cement and zirconia remains unknown (25). However, 20 MPa has been widely considered clinically sufficient for durable resin-zirconia adhesion (38). The mean bond strength values were 9 MPa for the control group and 17.8-20.21 MPa for the groups in which a universal adhesive was applied prior to resin cement application.…”

Surface treatment with a fractional CO2 laser enhances shear bond strength of resin cement to zirconia

“…As expected, the untreated zirconia surfaces, which were not subjected to any surface preparation technique exhibited the lowest SBS among the study groups. The luting agent used in this study (Clearfil SA) is a dual cured resin cement containing F Ahrari et al 1,3,26) . Air-borne particle abrasion, also defined as sandblasting, is usually performed by aluminum oxide particles and is one of the most commonly used mechanical methods for surface preparation of zirconia copings 3) .…”

“…These techniques are mainly aimed to roughen the cementation surface of the ceramic, which leads to increased surface area and micromechanical interlocking, thereby improving the bond strength. Furthermore, the use of resin cements or primers containing 10-methacryloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (MDP) has been shown to enhance the strength of the adhesion by providing chemical retention to zirconia, although the durability of the chemical bond may be compromised in the clinical conditions [1][2][3] . Lasers have been used for different purposes in dentistry among which is conditioning tooth structure or restorative surfaces [4][5][6][7][8][9] .…”