Boltzmann equation for heavy ion collisions

Bertsch, G. F.; Kruse, H.; Gupta, S. Das

doi:10.1103/physrevc.29.673

Cited by 301 publications

(176 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…These numbers differ by factors of 3 from results published in Ref. 9, where a method similar to the present one has been used to solve the the Boltzmann equation. A revised version of that program now reproduces our results.…”

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confidence: 47%

Microscopic Theory of Pion Production and Sidewards Flow in Heavy-Ion Collisions

1985

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Nuclear collisions from 0.3 to 2 GeVInucleon are studied in a microscopic theory based on Vlasov's self-consistent mean field and Uehling-Uhlenbeck's two-body collision term which respects the Pauli principle. T h e theory explains simultaneously the observed collective flow and the pion multiplicity and gives their dependence o n the nuclear equation of state.PACS numbers: 25.70.-z One of the most intriguing motivations for studying relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions is the unique opportunity to explore compressed and excited nuclear matter in the laboratory. A signature of compression is the collective sidewards flow predicted theoretically by nuclear fluid dynamics' and classical microscopic many-body s i m u~a t i o n s .~ Recently, the predicted collective sidewards flow has been observed in highmultiplicity selected collisions of heavy n~c l e i .~,~ Another observable compression effect predicted by fluid dynamics is the dependence of the pion multiplicity o n the nuclear compression energy at high densit i e~.~ The pion multiplicities have been measured for near-central collisions of Ar (0.3-1.8 GeV/nucleon)Both data sets present a challenge to microscopic theories: The flow calculationsL4 done with the standard intranuclear-cascade p r~~r a m s ' .~ result in forward-peaked angular distributions, in contrast to the data. and the calculated pion m~l t i~l i c i t i e s~-~ drastical-I ly overestimate the experimental yields. These large discrepancies are surprising in view of the success of the cascade model in describing inclusive data.'j8 It has been conjectured6 that the difference between measured pion yields and cascade predictions is due to the neglect of compression energy in the cascade approach and thus may be used to extract the nuclear equation of state at high densities.In this Letter we present a microscopic theory which explains for the first time simultaneously both the observed collective flow and the pion multiplicity and gives their dependence o n the nuclear equation of state. Our approach is based on Vlasov's equation for the evolution of the single-particle distribution function f of a collisionless plasma in a self-consistent mean potential field supplemented by UehlingUhlenbeck's quantum mechanical extension of Boltzmann's two-body collision term which respects the Pauli principle. This extended Boltzmann equation can be ~r i t t e n~. '~ The Vlasov equation is solved by simultaneous numerical integration of the classical equations of motion of fifteen parallel ensembles of A p + A T test particles, which are initially assigned Fermi momenta and random positions in a sphere of nuclear radiiis. The ensemble-averaged phase-space density is computed at each synchronization time step in a six-dimensional sphere around each test particle. This ensemble a~e r a g i n g~, '~ ensures a reasonably smooth singleparticle distribution function f (r,p,r) which is used to determine the mean field U ( n) and the Pauli-blocking probability ( 1 -,f) ( 1 -, f ) .

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confidence: 47%

Microscopic Theory of Pion Production and Sidewards Flow in Heavy-Ion Collisions

1985

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“…While the earliest suggestion of such methods goes back to Serber [5], the method has then been picked up by, among others, Metropolis et al [6], Bertini [7], and Cugnon [8]. About 20 years ago, with the advent of heavy-ion reactions, first methods were developed to describe the dynamical evolution of a colliding nucleus-nucleus system [9][10][11][12][13][14] while taking into account the hadronic potentials and the equation of state of nuclear matter within the Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck (BUU) theory. These codes thus went beyond the simple MC generators used until then that could not account for effects of potentials on the propagation of particles.…”

Section: Event Generators In Nuclear Physicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nuclear Effects in Generators: the Path Forward

Mosel¹

2011

AIP Conference Proceedings

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Abstract. The extraction of neutrino oscillation parameters requires the determination of the neutrino energy from observations of the hadronic final state. The use of nuclear targets then requires the use of event generators to isolate the interesting elementary processes and to take experimental acceptances into account. In this talk I briefly summarize the history of event generators and their use in nuclear physics, talk briefly about the generators used in the neutrino community and then discuss future necessary developments.

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“…This behavior is investigated further in Sec. 4. In contrast, the IMF spectral slope temperature parameters increase systematically with E*/A [8].…”

Section: Experimental Signalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The nuclear liquid-gas phase transition: Q.E.D

Viola

2004

Nuclear Physics A

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For the past decade, intense experimental effort has been devoted to the search for a liquid-gas phase transition in highly excited nuclei. Now, synthesis of the large body of existing multifragmentation data provides a strong case for identification of this phenomenon. In this presentation we discuss several salient features of the data that support their interpretation in terms of a spinodal liquid-gas phase transition.

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Boltzmann equation for heavy ion collisions

Cited by 301 publications

References 6 publications

Microscopic Theory of Pion Production and Sidewards Flow in Heavy-Ion Collisions

Microscopic Theory of Pion Production and Sidewards Flow in Heavy-Ion Collisions

Nuclear Effects in Generators: the Path Forward

The nuclear liquid-gas phase transition: Q.E.D

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