Molecular dynamics
(MD) based on an empirical force field is applied
to investigate the effect of phosphonium cations ([P
6,6,6,6
]
+
) and geminal dications ([DxC10]
2+
) inserted
at
T
= 300 K into the hydration layer separating
planar POPC phospholipid bilayers. Up to high concentration, nearly
every added cation and dication becomes absorbed into the lipid phase.
Absorption takes place during several microseconds and is virtually
irreversible. The neutralizing counterions ([Cl]
−
, in the present simulation) remain dissolved in water, giving origin
to the charge separation and the strong electrostatic double layer
at the water/lipid interface. Incorporation of cations and dications
changes the properties of the lipid bilayer such as diffusion, viscosity,
and the electrostatic pattern. At high ionic concentration, the bilayer
acquires a long-wavelength standing undulation, corresponding to a
change of phase from fluid planar to ripple. All these changes are
potentially able to affect processes relevant in the context of cell
biology. The major difference between cations and dications concerns
the kinetics of absorption, which takes place nearly two times faster
in the [P
6,6,6,6
]
+
case, and for [DxC10]
2+
dications displays a marked separation into two-stages,
corresponding to the easy absorption of the first phosphonium head
of the dication and the somewhat more activated absorption of the
second phosphonium head of each dication.