Boiling as Household Water Treatment in Cambodia: A Longitudinal Study of Boiling Practice and Microbiological Effectiveness

Brown, J. David; Sobsey, Mark D.

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2012.11-0715

Cited by 71 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…In this study, reported boiling was associated with a significant reduction in contamination of stored water among households with contaminated source water, a finding that is consistent with other research. [31][32][33][34][35][36] In some studies, however, reported boiling has been associated with no effect 37,38 or even an increase in contamination. 39 Because there is no objective measure of boiling, assessment relies on self-report, which may substantially overestimate actual practice.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“Improved” But Not Necessarily Safe: An Assessment of Fecal Contamination of Household Drinking Water in Rural Peru

Heitzinger¹,

Rocha²,

Quick³

et al. 2015

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. The indicator used to measure progress toward the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) for water is access to an improved water supply. However, improved supplies are frequently fecally contaminated in developing countries. We examined factors associated with Escherichia coli contamination of improved water supplies in rural Pisco province, Peru. A random sample of 207 households with at least one child less than 5 years old was surveyed, and water samples from the source and storage container were tested for E. coli contamination. Although over 90% of households used an improved water source, 47% of source and 43% of stored water samples were contaminated with E. coli. Pouring or using a spigot to obtain water from the storage container instead of dipping a hand or object was associated with decreased risk of contamination of stored water (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR] = 0.58, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.42, 0.80). Container cleanliness (aPR = 0.67, 95% CI = 0.45, 1.00) and correct handwashing technique (aPR = 0.62, 95% CI = 0.42, 0.90) were also associated with decreased contamination risk. These findings highlighted the limitations of improved water supplies as an indicator of safe water access. To ensure water safety in the home, household water treatment and improved hygiene, water handling, and storage practices should be promoted.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“Improved” But Not Necessarily Safe: An Assessment of Fecal Contamination of Household Drinking Water in Rural Peru

Heitzinger¹,

Rocha²,

Quick³

et al. 2015

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…All these options significantly reduce E. coli concentrations in the laboratory (LeChevallier and Au, 2004;Brown and Sobsey, 2010;Basic Water Needs India Pvt Ltd, n. d.-b), and in the field (Mohamed et al, 2015;Clasen et al, 2007;Souter et al, 2003;Ziff, 2008;Brown et al, 2008). Boiling served as a comparison for the HWTS retail products; it has been shown to significantly reduce E. coli in field conditions (Brown and Sobsey, 2012).…”

Section: The Six Hwts Optionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

User preferences and willingness to pay for safe drinking water: Experimental evidence from rural Tanzania

Burt

Njee

Mbatia

et al. 2017

Social Science & Medicine

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Keywords:Tanzania Water and health Household water treatment and safe storage Point of use Boiling User preferences Willingness to pay a b s t r a c t Almost half of all deaths from drinking microbiologically unsafe water occur in Sub-Saharan Africa. Household water treatment and safe storage (HWTS) systems, when consistently used, can provide safer drinking water and improve health. Social marketing to increase adoption and use of HWTS depends both on the prices of and preferences for these systems. This study included 556 households from rural Tanzania across two low-income districts with low-quality water sources. Over 9 months in 2012 and 2013, we experimentally evaluated consumer preferences for six "low-cost" HWTS options, including boiling, through an ordinal ranking protocol. We estimated consumers' willingness to pay (WTP) for these options, using a modified auction. We allowed respondents to pay for the durable HWTS systems with cash, chickens or mobile money; a significant minority chose chickens as payment. Overall, our participants favored boiling, the ceramic pot filter and, where water was turbid, PuR™ (a combined flocculant-disinfectant). The revealed WTP for all products was far below retail prices, indicating that significant scale-up may need significant subsidies. Our work will inform programs and policies aimed at scaling up HWTS to improve the health of resource-constrained communities that must rely on poorquality, and sometimes turbid, drinking water sources.

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“…19 Overreporting of HWT in experimental settings is a common phenomenon, [20][21][22][23] and so, it may also be prevalent outside this context. Second, as depicted in Figure 1, HWT is a complex behavior, often performed as a batch process where small batches of drinking water are treated at a time, on a daily or otherwise frequent basis, 24 and requires the user to remain motivated and committed to integrate the practice in their daily routines. As shown by several quantitative microbial risk assessment models, the effectiveness as well as the consistency of its use (also referred to in the literature as adherence or compliance) are the key aspects to ensure the protective effects of HWT.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consistency of Use and Effectiveness of Household Water Treatment Practices Among Urban and Rural Populations Claiming to Treat Their Drinking Water at Home: A Case Study in Zambia

Rosa

Kelly

Clasen

2016

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Household water treatment (HWT) can improve drinking water quality and prevent disease, if used correctly and consistently. While international monitoring suggests that 1.8 billion people practice HWT, these estimates are based on household surveys that may overstate the level of consistent use and do not address microbiological effectiveness. We sought to examine how HWT is practiced among households identified as HWT users according to international monitoring standards. Case studies were conducted in urban and rural Zambia. After a baseline survey (urban: 203 households, rural: 276 households) to identify HWT users, 95 urban and 82 rural households were followed up for 6 weeks. Consistency of HWT reporting was low; only 72.6% of urban and 50.0% of rural households reported to be HWT users in the subsequent visit. Similarly, availability of treated water was low, only 23.3% and 4.2% of urban and rural households, respectively, had treated water on all visits. Drinking water was significantly worse than source water in both settings. Only 19.6% of urban and 2.4% of rural households had drinking water free of thermotolerant coliforms on all visits. Our findings raise questions about the value of the data gathered through the international monitoring of HWT practices as predictors of water quality in the home.

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Boiling as Household Water Treatment in Cambodia: A Longitudinal Study of Boiling Practice and Microbiological Effectiveness

Cited by 71 publications

References 24 publications

“Improved” But Not Necessarily Safe: An Assessment of Fecal Contamination of Household Drinking Water in Rural Peru

“Improved” But Not Necessarily Safe: An Assessment of Fecal Contamination of Household Drinking Water in Rural Peru

User preferences and willingness to pay for safe drinking water: Experimental evidence from rural Tanzania

Consistency of Use and Effectiveness of Household Water Treatment Practices Among Urban and Rural Populations Claiming to Treat Their Drinking Water at Home: A Case Study in Zambia

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