Bogoliubov dispersion relation and the possibility of superfluidity for weakly interacting photons in a two-dimensional photon fluid

Chiao, Raymond Y.; Boyce, Jack

doi:10.1103/physreva.60.4114

Cited by 121 publications

(142 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…As an example, consider a 0.1-m-long cavity with T = 2 10 −2 filled with 85 Rb vapor at 80 0 C corresponding to 10 12 atoms/cm 3 . The self-defocusing regime is obtained by detuning the laser to the red side of the hyperfine transition 5S 1/2 (F = 2) − 5P 3/2 (F = 3) (λ ∼ 780 nm) [13,14]. The detuning must be chosen in order to have the strongest nonlinearity compatible with an absorption lower than T. A refractive index change ∆n = n 2 ρ 0 = 10 −6 leads to a sound speed c s = 3 10 5 m/s.…”

Section: Experimental Proposalmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a consequence light propagating in a self-defocusing medium induces a local negative bending of the refractive index which, in turn, affects the light beam itself. At a microscopic level this can be described in terms of an atom-mediated repulsive interaction between photons which leads to the formation of a "photon-fluid" [12,13]. It will be shown that linear excitations of such fluid (sound waves) propagate in an effective curved spacetime determined by the physical properties of the optical flow.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Acoustic black holes in a two-dimensional “photon fluid”

Marino

2008

Phys. Rev. A

104

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Optical field fluctuations in self-defocusing media can be described in terms of sound waves in a 2D photon-fluid. It is shown that, while the background fluid couples with the usual flat metric, sound-like waves experience an effective curved spacetime determined by the physical properties of the flow. In an optical cavity configuration, the background spacetime can be suitably controlled by the driving beam allowing the formation of acoustic ergoregions and event horizons. An experiment simulating the main features of the rotating black hole geometry is proposed.

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Section: Experimental Proposalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acoustic black holes in a two-dimensional “photon fluid”

Marino

2008

Phys. Rev. A

104

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“…Moreover, with a suitable generalization of the formalism presented above, we could be able to develop a theoretical description of the dynamical aspects of a recently proposed experiment [16] (currently in progress), regarding the BoseEinstein condensation in a weakly-interacting photon gas in a nonlinear Fabry-Perot cavity [17]. Here, τ ≡ (h/ma 2 )t is a dimensionless time and ρ0 ≡ a 3 |ϕ0| 2 is a dimensionless density.…”

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confidence: 99%

Nonequilibrium Field Theory Description of the Bose-Einstein Condensate

Barci¹,

Fraga²,

Ramos³

2000

Phys. Rev. Lett.

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We study the detailed out of equilibrium time evolution of a homogeneous Bose-Einstein condensate. We consider a nonrelativistic quantum theory for a self-interacting complex scalar field, immersed in a thermal bath, as an effective microscopic model for the description of the Bose-Einstein condensate. This approach yields the following main results: (i) the interaction between fluctuations proves to be crucial in the mechanism of instability generation; (ii) there are essentially two regimes in the k-space, with a crossover for k 2 /2m ∼ 2λ|ϕ0| 2 , where, in our notation, λ is the coupling constant and |ϕ0| 2 is the condensate density; (iii) a set of coupled equations that determines completely the nonequilibrium dynamics of the condensate density as a function of the temperature and of the total density of the gas. PACS number(s): 03.75. Fi, 05.30.Jp, 11.10.Wx The experimental verification of the phenomenon of Bose-Einstein condensation in weakly interacting gases has boosted a large number of theoretical investigations on the dynamics of weakly-interacting dilute gas systems [for a recent review, see e.g. Ref.[1] and references therein]. Current experiments and planned ones make it possible to probe different aspects of the BoseEinstein condensate formation, with great control over interactions, trapping potentials, etc. Nevertheless, a basic problem not yet fully understood is the following: given an initial state, how will the condensate evolve with time? In special, the time scales for the condensate formation and its final size are important quantities involved in recent experiments with dilute atomic gases [2].On the theoretical side, however, only restrict progress has been achieved concerning the problems above. Previous studies by Stoof [3] were able to give a qualitative idea of the various time scales involved during the condensate formation. In fact, they were the first attempts to analyze the problem from a microscopic point of view, by using the Schwinger-Keldysh closed time-path formalism (for reviews, see for instance Refs. [4,5] ) in the quantum field theory description of Bose-Einstein condensation. Regarding the condensate growth problem, Gardiner et al.[6] have used a quantum kinetic theory to construct a master equation for a density operator describing the state of the condensate, which is equivalent to a Boltzmann equation describing a quasi-equilibrium growth of the condensate.In this work we will study the quantum field time evolution of an interacting homogeneous condensate. Although non-homogeneity is inherent to current experiments on Bose-Einstein condensation of atomic gases in trapping potentials, we believe that a full understanding of the time evolution of even the simpler case of a homogeneous gas is still lacking. Besides, as pointed out by Stoof in [3], the simplest formulations based on kinetic theory do not allow for the observation of a macroscopic occupation of the one-particle ground state, and the question of the instability of the Bose gas system in the homogeneou...

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“…Similar equations were first derived for multimode lasers, then applied to light in microcavities [54]. Its solu-tions are Bogoliubov modes of sound [55,56] or collective breathing [57] or scissors [58] modes.…”

Section: Mean-field Modelsmentioning

confidence: 90%

Bose-Einstein condensation of photons from the thermodynamic limit to small photon numbers

Nyman

Walker

2017

Journal of Modern Optics

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Photons can come to thermal equilibrium at room temperature by scattering multiple times from a fluorescent dye. By confining the light and dye in a microcavity, a minimum energy is set and the photons can then show Bose-Einstein condensation. We present here the physical principles underlying photon thermalization and condensation, and review the literature on the subject. We then explore the 'small' regime where very few photons are needed for condensation. We compare thermal equilibrium results to a rate-equation model of microlasers, which includes spontaneous emission into the cavity, and we note that small systems result in ambiguity in the definition of threshold. FOREWORDThis article is written in memory of Danny Segal, who was a colleague of one of us (Rob Nyman) in the Quantum Optics and Laser Science group at Imperial College for many years. The topic of this article touches on the subject of dye lasers, the stuff of nightmares for any AMO physicist of his generation, but a stronger connection to Danny is that he was very supportive of my application for the fellowship that pushed my career forward, and funded this research. One of Danny's quirks was a strong dislike of flying. As a consequence, I had the pleasure of joining him on a 24 hour, four-train journey from London to Italy to a conference. That's a lot of time for story telling and forging memories for life. Danny was one of the good guys, and I sorely miss his good humour and advice.This article presents a gentle introduction to thermalization and Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) of photons in dye-filled microcavities, followed by a review of the state of the art. We then note the similarity to microlasers, particularly when there are very few photons involved. We compare a simple non-equilibrium model for microlasers with an even simpler thermal equilibrium model for BEC and show that the models coincide for similar values of a 'smallness' parameter.

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Bogoliubov dispersion relation and the possibility of superfluidity for weakly interacting photons in a two-dimensional photon fluid

Cited by 121 publications

References 12 publications

Acoustic black holes in a two-dimensional “photon fluid”

Acoustic black holes in a two-dimensional “photon fluid”

Nonequilibrium Field Theory Description of the Bose-Einstein Condensate

Bose-Einstein condensation of photons from the thermodynamic limit to small photon numbers

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