“…Bodybuilding is conceptualized as "at the very least, a subculture, whose practitioners suffer from large doses of insecurity" (Klein, 1993, p. 174), and muscular bodies are, according to Klein, a "psychologically defensive construct that looks invulnerable but truly only compensates for selfperceived weakness" (Klein, 1993, p. 18). Klein's conclusions about bodybuilders' insecurity and preoccupation with appearance have contributed to a worsening reputation of bodybuilding among the wider public, and psychiatrists have begun to describe a new category of young patients obsessed by their body and muscles (Andreasson and Johansson, 2019). Academics have increasingly considered bodybuilding from a pathologizing perspective in which bodybuilders are associated with obsessive perfectionism, anhedonia and pathological narcissism (Davis and Scott-Robertson, 2000); dissatisfaction with one's body; a body image disorder referred to as "muscular dysmorphia" or "bigorexia" (Pope et al, 1993;Peters and Phelps, 2001;Skemp et al, 2013); obsessive-compulsive disorder (Pope et al, 2000); or a risk of developing exercise addiction (Berczik et al, 2012).…”