“…Moreover, the presented area can also be influenced by the distance between the camera equipment and the cows. Although the measurement of body size makes use of key areas or body parts like body width and height, heart girth, hip width, and height and thus achieves high accuracy, expensive equipment needs to be equipped at different aspects and angles accordingly, which is not applicable to housing farms (Qiao et al, 2019;Du et al, 2021;Zhang et al, 2021;Dang et al, 2022). Instead, the method integrating area and height takes advantage of threedimensional size information of cows and becomes an accurate and reliable measurement, which is also consistent with the favorite indicators of experienced farmers for weight estimation artificially.…”