Body Water and Electrolyte Changes in Bilaterally Nephrectomized Sheep

McDonald, I. R.; Coats, D. A.; Munro, J. A.

doi:10.1038/icb.1954.31

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 1 publication

(6 reference statements)

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“…A glucose space of 18% (range 15-23%) of body weight (Table 1) is similar to the extracellular-fluid volume in sheep estimated by using inulin (McDonald, Coats & Munro, 1954) or thiosulphate (English, 1966). We propose that glucose in plasma and interstitial fluid constitutes a single well-mixed pool that is reversibly interconnected with other substrate pools.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

Evaluation of three isotope-dilution techniques for studying the kinetics of glucose metabolism in sheep

White

Steel

Leng

et al. 1969

Biochemical Journal

101

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1. Comparisons have been made of three isotope-dilution techniques for measuring parameters of glucose metabolism in sheep given their daily ration in 12 equal amounts (i.e. from 07.00 to 18.00hr.) 2. [U-(14)C]Glucose was used in all experiments. After a single injection the specific radioactivity of plasma glucose was measured at specific times for up to 24hr. Primed infusions were made with various ratios of P, priming injection (nc), to F, infusion rate (nc/min.) (P/F ratios varying from 23:1 to 147:1) and the specific radioactivity of plasma glucose was measured at 60, 120, 150, 180, 210 and 240min. In continuous infusions the specific radioactivity of plasma glucose was followed for 9hr.; a constant specific radioactivity was observed after approximately 180min. 3. A computer programme was used to fit a multi-exponential equation to the log(specific radioactivity)-time curve after a single injection. A second- or third-order exponential equation was found to fit the results. 4. Conventional analyses of all results showed that similar estimates of the irreversible loss of glucose were obtained by using all three techniques. Estimates of glucose pool size and space by using the primed infusion technique were both significantly higher than estimates obtained by the single injection technique. In these experiments total entry rate could only be determined from the single-injection results and a wide variation in estimates was obtained. 5. Comparisons of the specific radioactivity-time relationships after a single injection of [U-(14)C]glucose in sheep given their ration either once daily or as a proportion at hourly intervals indicated that there were fluctuations in glucose synthesis in the former over the period of the experiment. The multi-exponential curves fitted to these results had larger residual variances than in sheep given food at hourly intervals. All parameters of glucose metabolism estimated were similar under both feeding regimes. 6. A number of methods of analysis are discussed and a model for glucose metabolism in sheep in suggested.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

Evaluation of three isotope-dilution techniques for studying the kinetics of glucose metabolism in sheep

White

Steel

Leng

et al. 1969

Biochemical Journal

101

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“…The technique of constant infusion and tissue analysis excludes the error resulting from metabolism of inulin (27) (28) and in nephrectomized rats (21). Under conditions of nephrectomy, many substances normally extracellular in distribution predict volumes which are unreasonably high (29) and the possibility cannot be excluded that under these conditions ions or molecules penetrate the cellular phase. White and Rolf (21) using the nephrectomized rat and tissue analysis for inulin obtained a progressively large inulin space which, after 72 hours, predicted volumes exceeding total body water.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Distribution of Sodium and Chloride and the Extracellular Fluid Volume in the Rat1

Cheek¹,

West²,

Golden³

1957

J. Clin. Invest.

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Our attempts to gain information concerning the amount of electrolyte in cell water and the theoretical concentration of intracellular cations necessarily revolve around our ability to partition total body water into extracellular and intracellular phases. The total body potassium, for example, is confined almost exclusively to the intracellular phase, and if the intracellular volume of the body could be defined, the net intracellular potassium concentration could be readily calculated as:Total body K -Extracellular K Intracellular fluid volume The most rational interpretation of extracellular fluid volume would seem to be that defined originally by Manery, Danielson, and Hastings (1), by Manery and Hastings (2) and later by Nichols, Nichols, Weil, and Wallace (3). These authors divide the extracellular fluid into the following components: the plasma water, the interstitial water, and the connective tissue water. The interstitial water is considered that volume of fluid which rapidly equilibrates with substances such as inulin. Connective tissue water is the volume of water which is principally associated with collagen and elastin, and with which substances such as inulin equilibrate slowly. The study of Nichols, Nichols, Weil, and Wallace (3) would indicate that the sum of these three phases of the extracellular fluid is defined reasonably well by the chloride space if correction of the chloride space is made for intracellular chloride, and for the slightly greater concentration of chloride in connective tissue water than is present in an ultrafiltrate of serum.The major aim of the present study is to test 1 This investigation was supported in part by a research grant (H-1638) from the National Heart Institute, National Institutes of Health, United States Public Health Service.further the validity of the chloride space, corrected for the factors described above, as a measure of the extracellular volume by demonstrating an identity between it and the space calculated from the sodium content of extracellular fluid. Extracellular fluid volume has been calculated from sodium by the expression (extracellular sodium)/(Na)ef where extracellular sodium is the difference between total body sodium and the sodium which is not in the extracellular fluid (i.e., that in bone, cells, and within the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract) and (Na)ef is the sodium concentration of the serum ultrafiltrate.Values for total body chloride and sodium on which the calculations depend have been obtained by carcass analysis of a large number of normal rats (4,5). Values for bone sodium have been calculated from the Na/Ca ratio for bone and from total body calcium. Values for cell sodium in muscle have been taken from data in the literature (6) calculated on the assumption that chloride in muscle occupies the same space as inulin and an exclusively extracellular position (7). Values for sodium in red cells were also calculated from the data of other investigators (8, 9) while those in visceral cells have been assessed by comparison of the ...

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“…The following figures for body fluid volumes in the sheep (ml/kg body weight) were obtained from the literature: plasma volume=44-6 (Hodgetts, 1961; Evans blue method); extracellular fluid volume=198-0 (McDonald, Coats & Munro, 1954; inulin space); total body water=558 0 (Hansard & Lyke, 1956; antipyrine space); intracellular fluid volume by subtraction=360-0.…”

Section: Accountable Sulphadoxine In the Sheepmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drug displacement from protein binding: source of the sulphadoxine liberated by phenylbutazone

WARDELL

1971

British J Pharmacology

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Summary A quantitative study has been made of the redistribution of sulphadoxine produced by phenylbutazone in live sheep. From calculations based on plasma measurements, 73% of the sulphadoxine in the body can be accounted for as the sum of the plasma‐bound, extracellular‐free and intracellular‐free drug in the whole animal. This sum is termed the accountable sulphadoxine. After the injection of phenylbutazone there was a large shift of sulphadoxine from the plasma‐bound form into the free form. The gain in free drug significantly exceeded the loss of bound sulphadoxine from the intravascular compartment, but the discrepancy could easily be explained by displacement of some bound sulphadoxine from extravascular plasma protein. Phenylbutazone did not displace sulphadoxine from sheep erythrocytes in vitro, nor from homogenates of liver, kidney or skeletal muscle. Although the existence of other susceptible binding sites cannot be entirely excluded, this evidence strongly suggests that all the sulphadoxine liberated by phenylbutazone comes from binding sites on plasma protein.

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Body Water and Electrolyte Changes in Bilaterally Nephrectomized Sheep

Cited by 9 publications

References 1 publication

Evaluation of three isotope-dilution techniques for studying the kinetics of glucose metabolism in sheep

Evaluation of three isotope-dilution techniques for studying the kinetics of glucose metabolism in sheep

The Distribution of Sodium and Chloride and the Extracellular Fluid Volume in the Rat1

Drug displacement from protein binding: source of the sulphadoxine liberated by phenylbutazone

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