Body temperature and clinical thermometry

Childs, Charmaine

doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-64074-1.00029-x

Cited by 52 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 77 publications

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“…In a moderate environment, the peripheral temperature can be 2–6 °C lower than the core one, although this gradient can range from almost zero (in hot environments) to high values (in cold environments). In [ 56 ], average temperatures measured at nine different body areas at different room temperatures are reported. The authors found large difference between core and peripheral temperature (up to 10–15 °C for foot and finger) in a warm environment (about 20 °C), whereas these differences were lower (about 1–2 °C) in a hot environment (about 33 °C).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Noncontact Body Temperature Measurement: Uncertainty Evaluation and Screening Decision Rule to Prevent the Spread of COVID-19

Dell’Isola

Cosentini

Canale

et al. 2021

Sensors

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The need to measure body temperature contactless and quickly during the COVID-19 pandemic emergency has led to the widespread use of infrared thermometers, thermal imaging cameras and thermal scanners as an alternative to the traditional contact clinical thermometers. However, limits and issues of noncontact temperature measurement devices are not well known and technical–scientific literature itself sometimes provides conflicting reference values on the body and skin temperature of healthy subjects. To limit the risk of contagion, national authorities have set the obligation to measure body temperature of workers at the entrance to the workplace. In this paper, the authors analyze noncontact body temperature measurement issues from both clinical and metrological points of view with the aim to (i) improve body temperature measurements accuracy; (ii) estimate the uncertainty of body temperature measurement on the field; (iii) propose a screening decision rule for the prevention of the spread of COVID-19. The approach adopted in this paper takes into account both the traditional instrumental uncertainty sources and clinical–medical ones related to the subjectivity of the measurand. A proper screening protocol for body temperature measurement considering the role of uncertainty is essential to correctly choose the threshold temperature value and measurement method to access critical places during COVID-19 pandemic emergency.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Noncontact Body Temperature Measurement: Uncertainty Evaluation and Screening Decision Rule to Prevent the Spread of COVID-19

Dell’Isola

Cosentini

Canale

et al. 2021

Sensors

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“…Chairman Childs presented valid and very important information throughout a chapter entitled "body temperature and clinical thermometry" highlighting that non-invasive, non-contact skin thermometry is ideally suited and provides an easier way for regular monitoring of body temperature [19]. The most commonly used non-contact method in clinical practice is the infrared thermography [19]. In fever screening, it is widely acknowledged that the internal core organs are the hottest regions of the human body [19].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most commonly used non-contact method in clinical practice is the infrared thermography [19]. In fever screening, it is widely acknowledged that the internal core organs are the hottest regions of the human body [19]. Chairman Childs explains in perfection the true representation of core temperature, since it can be interpreted as the "thermoregulatory center" itself, the hypothalamus, a small area of gray matter, deep within the center of the cerebral hemispheres (the diencephalon), that represents a true measure to be considered as core temperature.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oral health appointment in the context of COVID-19 pandemic: The contribute of infrared thermography

Clemente

Mendes

Moreira

et al. 2021

Proceedings of the 3rd International Electronic Conference on Environmental Research and Public Health —Public Health Issues In

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1) Background: This research is focused on the oral health of a patient attending a dental appointment during the COVID-19 pandemic, where emergency treatments can have on infrared thermography (IRT), a technology that can be implemented as a screening method to quantify the temperature of the patient. IRT is an interesting bioengineering tool as it can provide more data to the clinician and even to the patient, who may not perceive the sublets fever sights from the begin;(2) Methods: Methods: This work analyzes anatomical landmarks on 98 frontal thermograms of the cranio-cervico-mandibular complex; (3) Results: The regions of interest for fever screening analyzed were the forehead, the inner canthus left eye, the inner canthus right eye with the mean temperature of 33.75 °C, 34.50 °C and 34.58 °C respectively. Significant statistically differences were observed comparing the temperature values of the forehead and the inner canthus. A greater temperature symmetry was found between the inner canthus of the left eye compared to the contralateral right eye; and (4) Conclusions: The authors intend to provide information that can stimulate a reflection on future directions for research and regulatory methods applied in dental medical sciences and how these measures can integrate the dental activity in a multidisciplinary model. In the future, as a consequence of this CoVID-19 disease, more efforts will be made to provide indispensable apparatus and devices that complement the already existing protection equipment. Within the area of bioengineering, the infrared thermography can be implemented as a protective additional measure in the clinical protocol during the attendance of a patient.

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“…DIT is a non-invasive and economical assessment tool which allows to measure skin temperatures over the ROI without patient's discomfort by infrared detection from the human body surface. This is known to provide information about normal and abnormal functioning of the sensory and sympathetic nervous systems, vascular dysfunction, and local inflammatory reactions [21], and therefore, it may represent physiological changes rather than anatomic changes of ROI quantitatively [22]. Although normal body temperatures are not constant over the course of a day and may vary between persons, the normal thermogram has been known to demonstrate thermal symmetry when comparing corresponding sides of the body in healthy subjects [13].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consecutive digital infrared thermography in patients withtemporomandibular joint arthralgia

Kim

2019

Oral Biol Res

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The objective of this study was to investigate the changes of skin temperatures over the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and clinical findings consecutively during conservative treatments in unilateral TMJ arthralgia patients. The study enrolled 31 patients with unilateral TMJ arthralgia and 26 healthy control subjects based on the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibuar Disorders. The measurements of skin temperatures over the TMJ and clinical examinations were performed in all subjects at baseline, 2 and 4 weeks later, and patients were given conservative treatments. Thermographic examinations were performed before and after chewing activity for 5 minutes in each session. The data were analyzed by repeated-measures ANOVA. In affected TMJ, the change in temperature between before and after chewing activity was significantly high in TMJ arthralgia group and decreased after 2 and 4 weeks. Thermal asymmetry measured before chewing activity showed insignificant difference between groups. However, those measured after chewing activity were significantly high in TMJ arthralgia group and reduced to the similar level of control group after 2 and 4 weeks. After chewing activity, both skin temperature over painful TMJ and the extent of thermal asymmetry in TMJ arthralgia patients were higher than those of control group. These thermal indices of TMJ arthralgia patients were reduced in accordance with clinical improvements by conservative treatments. Consecutive thermography accompanying chewing activity which may increase TMJ pain temporarily can be a useful adjunctive technique to diagnose TMJ arthralgia and evaluate its clinical progression including level of pain.

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Body temperature and clinical thermometry

Cited by 52 publications

References 77 publications

Noncontact Body Temperature Measurement: Uncertainty Evaluation and Screening Decision Rule to Prevent the Spread of COVID-19

Noncontact Body Temperature Measurement: Uncertainty Evaluation and Screening Decision Rule to Prevent the Spread of COVID-19

Oral health appointment in the context of COVID-19 pandemic: The contribute of infrared thermography

Consecutive digital infrared thermography in patients withtemporomandibular joint arthralgia

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