Body size and reserve protection affect flight initiation distance in parrotfishes

Gotanda, Kiyoko M.; Turgeon, Katrine; Kramer, Donald L.

doi:10.1007/s00265-009-0750-5

Cited by 121 publications

(159 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…The significantly higher parrotfish FID in the fished area compared to the NTR is consistent with other studies of FID (Gotanda et al 2009 Stankowich & Coss 2006), this is unlikely to be the case in the fished area in this study, and implies that fishes are taking their flight cue from some other stimulus associated with the body of the observer rather than the extension added by the spear gun. As reef fishes can discriminate predator characteristics, such as mouth size and distance between eyes (Karplus & Algom 1981), it is unlikely that the visual acuity of adult parrotfishes is insufficient to resolve the spear gun at the starting distances in this study (Renee Lara 2001).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

“…2009, Miller et al 2011 Indo-Pacific: this study, Feary et al 2011, although there appear to be differences between regions. This could be due to potential differences in duration of protection of the NTRs in the studies (26 yr in the Caribbean, Gotanda et al 2009; 2 to 8 yr in Indo-Pacific studies) resulting in fishes with differential exposure to fishing across their lifespan, and to differences in fishing gear, fisher practices and fishing pressure in these 2 regions. Estimation of fish FID is a robust method that shows high precision and low variation between observers and dive gears, and may be sensitive to small differences in fishing pressure, thus providing a useful tool to assess fisher compliance to NTRs .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Consequently, fish FID estimated while using SCUBA could provide an inaccurate measure of FID in response to spearfishers. Additionally, in all studies of fish FID in response to fishing, FID has been estimated without either a spear gun or simulated spear gun substitute and for only 1 observer (Cole 1994, Gotanda et al 2009. If fishes recognise a spear gun, or discern it as an extension of the diver's body, this could result in increased FID, particularly in fished areas.…”

Section: Resale or Republication Not Permitted Without Written Consenmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The aim of the present study was to examine the influence of these factors on estimates of fish FID, and to compare them between a permanently fished area and an NTR. Scaridae (parrotfishes) were used as the focal fish group, because they (1) are commonly targeted with spear guns on coral reefs, (2) were locally abundant, and (3) are known to exhibit behavioural changes as a result of fishing (Gotanda et al 2009. …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, while evidence that fishing alters fish behaviour, and potentially fishing success, has been reported from freshwater recreational fisheries (Cox & Walters 2002, Askey et al 2006) and commercial trawls (Pyanov & Zhuykov 1993), knowledge of the influence of behavioural changes on catchability of coral reef fishes is lacking, despite indications that fishing can influence fish detectability (Kulbicki 1998). Using the metric flight initiation distance (FID), which estimates how close an animal can be approached before it flees (also referred to as flight or approach distance) (Ydenberg & Dill 1986), it has been established that fishes on near-shore, shallow reefs open to fishing consistently flee from an observer at a greater distance than fishes in notake marine reserves (NTRs) (Cole 1994, Gotanda et al 2009. Other factors also influence FID, such as fish size (Gotanda et al 2009, distance from shelter (Gotanda et al 2009) and vulnerability to fishing gear (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of spear guns, dive gear and observers on estimating fish flight initiation distance on coral reefs

Januchowski‐Hartley¹,

Nash²,

Lawton³

2012

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Fish flight initiation distance (FID) is emerging as a useful metric of the response of fishes to fishing, with significant differences in FID demonstrated between fished and no-take marine reserves. However, studies investigating FID vary in methodology, and many of the potential confounding effects inherent to in-water estimation of FID have yet to be investigated. Here we examined relative effects of spear guns, dive gear, observer bias and protection status on FID estimates. Three observers estimated FID of parrotfishes in both a fished area and a no-take marine reserve, via both SCUBA and free-diving, and with and without a simulated spear gun (8 treatments). We found that FID was significantly influenced by protection status, increasing by 141 cm on average in the fished area compared to the no-take marine reserve, but not by dive type or spear gun presence. While there were some differences between observers' mean estimate of FID, there was no evidence of observer bias, nor were there any significant differences in the precision of FID estimates between observers. Overall, management status explained almost 60% of the variation in FID estimates, while observers accounted for only 4%. KEY WORDS: Approach distance · Marine reserve · Fish behaviour · Scaridae · Fishing effects · Confounding variables · Coral reef fishes · Vanuatu Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherMar Ecol Prog Ser 469: [113][114][115][116][117][118][119] 2012 ties (Jennings & Polunin 1996). However, methods such as underwater visual census (UVC) can show considerable variation when estimating fish abundances and biomass (McClanahan et al. 2007) even at low fishing pressures (Jennings & Polunin 1996), and lack of compliance with NTRs may be obscured by this variation. In contrast, fish FID is more tractable to high levels of replication, is sensitive even to low levels of fishing (e.g. Feary et al. 2011) and, consequently, may be an alternative, more powerful tool to gauge levels of compliance with NTRs. Management may be further informed through the implications changes in FID have for success of certain fishing gears (e.g. increased FID may result in decreased efficiency of spear guns), and subsequent impacts on fisher decision-making . If this is to occur, knowledge of how possible biases may confound our interpretations of fish FID is essential.Fish FID is estimated by an observer either using SCUBA gear or free-diving, who directly approaches a fish until it flees and then measures the distance between him or herself and the location from which the fish fled . Much of the fishing with spear guns on coral reefs is conducted by free-diving (Gillett & Moy 2006); in contrast, the majority of fish FID studies investigating fishing effects have been conducted while using SCUBA (Cole 1994, Gotanda et al. 2009. There is convincing evidence that fishes will actively avoid SCUBA divers (Dickens et al. 2011) and will potentially allow closer approaches by snorkelers (Welsh & Bellwood 2011). C...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resale or Republication Not Permitted Without Written Consenmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Influence of spear guns, dive gear and observers on estimating fish flight initiation distance on coral reefs

Januchowski‐Hartley¹,

Nash²,

Lawton³

2012

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Behavioral adjustments of endangered Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) living at the edge of an agricultural landscape in Morocco

Neves,

Vallet,

Cherkaoui

et al. 2023

American J Primatol

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Transition zones between natural and human‐altered spaces are eroding in most terrestrial ecosystems. The persistence of animals in shared landscapes depends in part on their behavioral flexibility, which may involve being able to exploit human agricultural production. As a forest‐dependent species, the Barbary macaque (Macaca sylvanus) is affected by the progressive conversion of forest‐adjacent lands into crops. We explore how Barbary macaque behavior differs between groups living in a forest at the edge of agricultural zones (hereafter “disturbed groups”) and groups inhabiting undisturbed forests (hereafter “natural groups”). We compare the diets, activity‐budgets, home range sizes, daily path lengths, and sleeping site locations of the groups. We also quantify anthropogenic disturbances (i.e., rates of encounter with humans and dogs) and investigate relationships between such disturbances and the diets and activity budgets of macaques through multiple co‐inertia analysis. Disturbed groups included high proportions of cultivated food items in their diet and encountered over 0.5/h anthropogenic disturbances. Activity‐budgets differed between disturbed and natural groups and were mostly influenced by diets, not anthropogenic disturbances. Disturbed groups spent more time feeding and less time resting than natural ones. Patterns of space use differed markedly between groups, with disturbed groups displaying smaller home ranges, shorter daily path length, and much higher reutilization of sleeping sites than natural groups. This study highlights the dietary and behavioral flexibility of Barbary macaques living in human‐altered environments. Their patterns of space use suggest a reduction in energy expenditure in the disturbed groups due to the inclusion of cultivated food items in their diet possibly leading to increased foraging efficiency. However, the high rates of anthropogenic encounters, including aggressive ones, are likely stressful and may potentially induce extra energy costs and lead to macaque injuries. This could result in demographic costs for crop‐foraging groups, threatening the conservation of this endangered species.

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Fishery benefits from behavioural modification of fishes in periodically harvested fisheries closures

Januchowski‐Hartley

Cinner

Graham

2013

Aquatic Conservation

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Periodically harvested fisheries closures are widely implemented across the South Pacific as a conservation and fisheries management tool. There is a lack of information on the mechanisms and effectiveness of this management system in meeting fisheries and ecosystem sustainability goals.A before‐after‐control‐impact (BACI) pair design, was used to quantify flight initiation distance (FID), and biomass of two fishery‐target (Acanthuridae and Scaridae) and one non‐target (Chaetodontidae) families in two periodically harvested closures, two no‐take marine reserves, and two open fished areas, prior to and after harvest of the periodically harvested closures. Creel surveys were used to quantify catch per unit effort (CPUE) in open fishing grounds, and during the periodic harvests.Before harvest, FID of targeted families was higher in fished areas than periodically harvested areas. After harvest, Acanthuridae FID in periodically harvested closures increased significantly to beyond the maximum effective range of spearguns. Total biomass of fishes was lower in fished areas than areas under either type of management. Acanthuridae biomass in the periodically harvested closures was similar to fished areas, and lower than in the no‐take reserves. There was no difference post‐harvest for either total or Acanthuridae biomass.CPUE was higher for fishing trips inside the periodically harvested closures than regular fishing activities. Fishes were generally larger in catches from periodically harvested closures, but this was not sufficient to account for the increase in CPUE, particularly of the Acanthuridae, which were significantly more abundant in the harvest catch.When fishes are protected temporarily from fishing, their wariness decreases, which makes them more easily catchable when fishing is reinstated. This study shows that fish behavioural change is an important and overlooked benefit of periodically harvested closures. However, differences in the magnitude of behavioural changes between fishery‐target families may result in contrasting outcomes of periodically harvested management regimes. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

show abstract

Body size and reserve protection affect flight initiation distance in parrotfishes

Cited by 121 publications

References 64 publications

Influence of spear guns, dive gear and observers on estimating fish flight initiation distance on coral reefs

Influence of spear guns, dive gear and observers on estimating fish flight initiation distance on coral reefs

Behavioral adjustments of endangered Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) living at the edge of an agricultural landscape in Morocco

Fishery benefits from behavioural modification of fishes in periodically harvested fisheries closures

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