Body size and composition of Samoan toddlers aged 18–25 months in 2019

Oyama, Sakura; Duckham, R. L.; Arslanian, Kendall; Kershaw, Erin E.; Strayer, Joshua A; Fidow, Ulai T.; Naseri, Take; Hawley, Nicola L.

doi:10.1080/03014460.2021.1951351

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Fat-free mass in human variant carriers outside infancy has not been investigated but, if increased, could potentially distort simple BMI measurements. Likewise, association of the missense variant with body composition or obesity measures may also be influenced by the more recently observed effects to increase human height as well as length in our KI male mice, as previously published [4,5,[7][8][9]. Dual effects on fat-free mass and height imply that the missense variant could produce a growth phenotype, resulting in greater overall body size, which is present in human carriers, albeit partially masked by Pacific Island-typical obesity.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

“…While the heightened obesity risk is primarily underlain by measured increases in BMI, the variant has additionally been positively associated with increased body fat percentage, as well as waist and hip circumference [1][2][3]. More recently, associations with increased height and fat-free mass have also been described [6][7][8][9][10]. Intriguingly, carriers of the missense variant have a reported reduction in the risk of type 2 and gestational diabetes [1,5,11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The reduction in diabetes risk, however, is retained even following adjustment for BMI and has been attributed to (undefined) effects of the variant on glucose homeostasis, which cause significantly lower fasting blood glucose levels operating independently of insulin sensitivity or secretion [1,3,5]. Of note, carriers of the missense variant seem to develop their phenotypic differentiation early in life, with effects on weight, height, and waist circumference seen also in childhood [1,6,[8][9][10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Limited Metabolic Effect of the CREBRFR457Q Obesity Variant in Mice

Metcalfe

Shepherd

Smith

et al. 2022

Cells

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The Arg457Gln missense variant in the CREBRF gene has previously been identified as driving excess body weight in Pacific/Oceanic populations. Intriguingly, Arg457Gln variant carriers also demonstrate paradoxical reductions in diabetes risk, indicating that the gene has a critical role in whole-body metabolism. To study the function of this variant in more detail, we generated mice on an FVB/N background with the Crebrf Arg458Gln variant knocked in to replace the endogenous Crebrf. The whole-body metabolic phenotype was characterized for male and female mice on a regular chow diet or an 8-week high-fat challenge. Regular assessment of body composition found that the Crebrf variant had no influence on total body weight or fat mass at any time point. Glucose tolerance tests demonstrated no obvious genotype effect on glucose homeostasis, with indirect calorimetry measures of whole-body energy expenditure likewise unaffected. Male chow-fed variant carriers displayed a trend towards increased lean mass and significantly reduced sensitivity to insulin administration. Overall, this novel mouse model showed only limited phenotypic effects associated with the Crebrf missense variant. The inability to recapitulate results of human association studies may invite reconsideration of the precise mechanistic link between CREBRF function and the risks of obesity and diabetes in variant allele carriers.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Limited Metabolic Effect of the CREBRFR457Q Obesity Variant in Mice

Metcalfe

Shepherd

Smith

et al. 2022

Cells

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“…For infants a total body DXA scan conducted in the pediatric model will be performed with the infants stripped to their diapers and swaddled in a blanket to help to reduce movement, following the protocol that has been used in previous infant body composition studies conducted by our research team [33,34]. For measurement of infant bone mineral content, scans will be analyzed less the head, due to the disproportionately large size of an infant's head in comparison to the rest of their bodies.…”

Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 99%

The milk study protocol: A longitudinal, prospective cohort study of the relationship between human milk metabolic hormone concentration, maternal body composition, and early growth and satiety development in Samoan infants aged 1–4 months

Harries,

Abraham,

Vesi

et al. 2024

PLoS ONE

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Background Current research suggests that energy transfer through human milk influences infant nutritional development and initiates metabolic programming, influencing eating patterns into adulthood. To date, this research has predominantly been conducted among women in high income settings and/or among undernourished women. We will investigate the relationship between maternal body composition, metabolic hormones in human milk, and infant satiety to explore mechanisms of developmental satiety programming and implications for early infant growth and body composition in Samoans; a population at high risk and prevalence for overweight and obesity. Our aims are (1) to examine how maternal body composition influences metabolic hormone transfer from mother to infant through human milk, and (2) to examine the influences of maternal metabolic hormone transfer and infant feeding patterns on early infant growth and satiety. Methods We will examine temporal changes in hormone transfers to infants through human milk in a prospective longitudinal cohort of n = 80 Samoan mother-infant dyads. Data will be collected at three time points (1, 3, & 4 months postpartum). At each study visit we will collect human milk and fingerpick blood samples from breastfeeding mother-infant dyads to measure the hormones leptin, ghrelin, and adiponectin. Additionally, we will obtain body composition measurements from the dyad, observe breastfeeding behavior, conduct semi-structured interviews, and use questionnaires to document infant hunger and feeding cues and satiety responsiveness. Descriptive statistics, univariate and multivariate analyses will be conducted to address each aim. Discussion This research is designed to advance our understanding of variation in the developmental programming of satiety and implications for early infant growth and body composition. The use of a prospective longitudinal cohort alongside data collection that utilizes a mixed methods approach will allow us to capture a more accurate representation on both biological and cultural variables at play in a population at high risk of overweight and obesity.

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A growth area

Decrausaz

Cameron

2022

Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health

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Studies of living children demonstrate that early life stress impacts linear growth outcomes. Stresses affecting linear growth may also impact later life health outcomes, including increased cardiometabolic disease risk. Palaeopathologists also assess the growth of children recovered from bioarchaeological contexts. Early life stresses are inferred to affect linear growth outcomes, and measurements of skeletal linear dimensions alongside other bioarchaeological information may indicate the types of challenges faced by past groups. In clinical settings, the impacts of stress on growing children are typically measured by examining height. Palaeopathologists are limited to examining bone dimensions directly and must grapple with incomplete pictures of childhood experiences that may affect growth. Palaeopathologists may use clinical growth studies to inform observations among past children, however, there may be issues with this approach. Here, we review the relationship between contemporary and palaeopathological studies of child and adolescent growth. We identify approaches to help bridge the gap between palaeopathological and biomedical growth studies. We advocate for: the creation of bone-specific growth reference information using medical imaging and greater examination of limb proportions; the inclusion of children from different global regions and life circumstances in contemporary bone growth studies; and greater collaboration and dialogue between palaeopathologists and clinicians as new studies are designed to assess linear growth past and present. We advocate for building stronger bridges between these fields to improve interpretations of growth patterns across human history and to potentially improve interventions for children living and growing today.

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Body size and composition of Samoan toddlers aged 18–25 months in 2019

Cited by 3 publications

References 8 publications

Limited Metabolic Effect of the CREBRFR457Q Obesity Variant in Mice

Limited Metabolic Effect of the CREBRFR457Q Obesity Variant in Mice

The milk study protocol: A longitudinal, prospective cohort study of the relationship between human milk metabolic hormone concentration, maternal body composition, and early growth and satiety development in Samoan infants aged 1–4 months

A growth area

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