Body Mass Trajectory, Energy Balance, and Weight Loss as Determinants of Health and Mortality in Older Adults

Bales, Connie W.; Buhr, Gwendolen T.

doi:10.1159/000221008

Cited by 13 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 83 publications

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“…[1][2][3] As long ago as 1835, the mathematician Adolphe Quételet analyzed human data sets with the intention of finding a statistical variable that would allow him to identify 'healthy' humans whom he considered to be of 'normal' stature. 4 He achieved a little success in this task in finding that a man or woman displaying a mass/height 2 ratio of B24 kg m À2 matched his image of being 'normal'.…”

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confidence: 99%

Brain size, body size and longevity

et al. 2010

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In this analysis, we bring together two research fields that have never been associated before: the clinical issue 'Quételet's body-mass index and longevity' and the comparative biological issue 'body-brain allometry'. Comparison of medical and biological data supports the view that body mass index is just a one-to-one mapping of the body-brain-energy balanceFa biological variable indicating that an individual maintains its systemic energy homeostasis and therefore is likely to perform well in the coming years. International Journal of Obesity (2010Obesity ( ) 34, 1349Obesity ( -1352 doi:10.1038/ijo.2010 published online 30 March 2010 Keywords: brain size; body size; body mass index; longevity One currently prevailing myth is that a large cerebral capacity should guarantee a long life. Here we suggest that there might indeed be a hidden link between brain size and longevity.Focussing on humans alone, clinicians ascertained that body mass is related to life span. [1][2][3] As long ago as 1835, the mathematician Adolphe Quételet analyzed human data sets with the intention of finding a statistical variable that would allow him to identify 'healthy' humans whom he considered to be of 'normal' stature. 4 He achieved a little success in this task in finding that a man or woman displaying a mass/height 2 ratio of B24 kg m À2 matched his image of being 'normal'. Later on, insurance companies used his concept to calculate the health risks for humans. Quételet's ratio is now referred to as the 'body mass index' (BMI). Recent studies confirm that a BMI of between 22.5 and 25.0 kg m À2 is a strong predictor for maximal longevity ( Figure 1c). 1,2 It is known that in mice, less insulin-like signalling throughout the body or just in the brain considerably extends the life span. 5,6 It is unknown, however, whether brain energy metabolism specifically can predict longevity.Taking the broader perspective of comparative biology, vertebrate brain metabolism has been found to be strictly proportional to body energy metabolism (Figure 1b). 7,8 As body metabolism increases, brain metabolism increases in a so-called 'isometric' manner, that is, it follows a 'linear' function. 'Isometric' functions number among a larger class of so-called 'allometric' functions that are often used in comparative biology, and all of which follow the power function Y ¼ kX a . Such allometric functions are used, for example, to describe the nonlinear relationship between brain mass and body mass, or the relationship between body metabolism and body mass among different species where the allometric exponents have been reported to be around 0.7.9,10 Allometric functions have also been reported for the nonlinear relationship between brain mass and life span. 11,12Remarkably, the relationship between brain energy metabolism (Y) and body energy metabolism (X) is particularly simple, as the exponent a has been found to be very close to 1.0. 8 As already mentioned, such special linear relationships are referred to as 'isometric' by biologists. In vertebrates ...

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Brain size, body size and longevity

et al. 2010

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“…This effect has become known as the "obesity paradox" [6,7]. This relationship may be partly explained by a protective effect of lean body mass [8][9][10][11][12][13]. The relationship between BMI and mortality rate can be described by a "U shaped curve", meaning the lowest mortality rates are observed among individuals with higher-normal range and slightly "overweight" level of BMI [8,13,14].…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Low lean body mass that manifests in extreme situations as sarcopenia (muscle loss) was associated with increased risk of disability and frailty [10,11]. Several studies performed analysis of changes in weight and their effects using trajectories.…”

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The Meaning of Weight Change in Older Age in Relational to Function and Mortality

Shahar¹

2017

Austin J Nutri Food Sci

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“…Obesity exacerbates the incidence of coronary heart disease [1] but seems to have a contradictory effect on cardiac susceptibility to ischemic damage (CSI). Several models of obesity have been developed regarding energy-dense food and peri-natal over-nutrition in normal animals, as well as genetic models of hyperphagy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased Abdominal Adiposity Exacerbates Ex-Vivo Cardiac Reperfusion Injury through Augmented Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress

Evangelia¹,

Couturier²,

Dubouchaud³

2015

J Diabetes Metab

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Compared to the lean Lou/C rat, the Wistar rat develops increased body weight and abdominal adiposity (IAA). The aim of this study was to compare the functional response to cardiac ischemia/reperfusion of 3-month old Wistar rats with age-matched Lou/C rats, and to explain the differences with regards to mitochondrial hydrogen-peroxide release (mH 2 O 2 r). Langendorff-perfused hearts of Lou/C and Wistar rats were subjected to ischemia (25 min) followed by reperfusion (30 min). Cardiac function was monitored throughout the experiment. Mitochondria were extracted before and after ischemia, and their oxidative capacities, mH 2 O 2 r, and activity of the respiratory-chain complex were measured. The IAA of Wistar rats was associated with slight glucose intolerance and noticeable functional abnormalities of the myocardium during post-ischemic reperfusion. Cardio-toxicity was related to maintenance of the activity of respiratory-chain complex II and increased mH 2 O 2 r, whereas cardio-protection in lean Lou/C rats occurred through reduced complex-II activity and mH 2 O 2 r. In conclusion, IAA and/or systemic glucose intolerance maintained complex-II activity during post-ischemic reperfusion, thus increasing mH 2 O 2 r through reverse electron flux and inducing significantly increased cardio-toxicity. Inhibitors of respiratory complex II could thus help protect the heart against ischemia/reperfusion in obese individuals.

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Body Mass Trajectory, Energy Balance, and Weight Loss as Determinants of Health and Mortality in Older Adults

Cited by 13 publications

References 83 publications

Brain size, body size and longevity

Brain size, body size and longevity

The Meaning of Weight Change in Older Age in Relational to Function and Mortality

Increased Abdominal Adiposity Exacerbates Ex-Vivo Cardiac Reperfusion Injury through Augmented Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress

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