Body Mass Index as a Determinant of Systemic Exposure to Gallotannin Metabolites during 6‐Week Consumption of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) and Modulation of Intestinal Microbiota in Lean and Obese Individuals

Abstract

Scope This human clinical pilot trial investigated pharmacokinetics of gallotannin‐metabolites and modulation of intestinal microbiota in healthy lean and obese individuals after 6 weeks of daily mango consumption. Methods and results Participants are divided into three groups: Lean Mango (LM: n = 12; BMI = 22.9 kg m−2), Obese Mango (OM: n = 9; BMI = 34.6 kg m−2), and Lean Control (LC: n = 11; BMI = 22.1 kg m−2). LM and OM consumed 400 g of mango per day for 6 weeks. LC consumed mango only on Days 0 and 42. After 6 weeks, LM experienced increased systemic exposure (AUC0–8h) to gallotannin‐metabolites, 1.4‐fold (p = 0.043). The greatest increase is 4‐O‐methyl‐gallic acid, 3.3‐fold (p = 0.0026). Cumulative urinary excretion of gallotannin‐metabolites significantly increased in LM and OM, but not LC. For OM, qPCR data show increased levels of tannase‐producing Lactococcus lactis and decreased levels of Clostridium leptum and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, bacteria associated with obesity. LM experienced an increased trend of fecal levels of butyric (1.3‐fold; p = 0.09) and valeric acids (1.5‐fold; p = 0.056). Plasma endotoxins showed a decreased trend in LM and OM. Conclusion Continuous mango intake significantly increased systemic exposure to gallotannin‐ metabolites and induced an increased trend for fecal short‐chain fatty acids in lean but not obese individuals. This pharmacokinetic discrepancy may result in BMI‐associated reduced gallotannin‐derived health benefits.

Pharmacokinetic Characterization of (Poly)phenolic Metabolites in Human Plasma and Urine after Acute and Short-Term Daily Consumption of Mango Pulp

“…These results are in agreement with previous studies on mango conducted by the Talcott group where they observed significant (p < 0.05) increases of pyrogallol and benzoic acid derivatives in urine including methylpyrogallol sulfate, pyrogallol sulfate and methylgallic acid sulfate after consumption of MP [20,52,53]. The increased excretion of mango (poly)phenol (mainly gallotannins) metabolites could be due to the adaptive increase in microbial metabolism after 14 days of daily intake of mango polyphenols [4,33,54].…”

“…For example, colon microorganisms such as Lactobacillus plantarum, Streptococcus galloylitcus, Aspergillus oryzae and Lactococcus lactis can utilize gallotannins and produce gallic acid, pyrogallol and catechol [47,55]. Previous studies in humans demonstrated that repetitive mango supplementation can increase the abundance of pyrogallol-producing microbiota, e.g., Aspergillus oryzae and Lactococcus lactis, and decrease the abundance of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and Clostridium leptum [47,53]. Additionally, gallotannins and their metabolites may inhibit growth of other bacteria such as Bacteroides fragilis, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella aureus, etc.…”

Gallotannins and Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 Mitigate High‐Fat Diet‐Induced Inflammation and Induce Biomarkers for Thermogenesis in Adipose Tissue in Gnotobiotic Mice

“…Recently, we have reported that daily consumption of GT‐rich mango pulp for 6 weeks increases levels of tannase‐producing bacteria ( Lactococcus lactis ) in healthy human subjects, and this increase was correlated with increased tannase enzyme activity in fecal samples. The production of a short‐chain fatty acid, namely butyrate, showed a trend toward increased levels after 6 weeks of mango consumption . This evidence suggests that the health‐promoting effects of GT and L. plantarum may be at least in part based on prebiotic–probiotic interactions between GT and L. plantarum .…”

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) Polyphenols: Anti-Inflammatory Intestinal Microbial Health Benefits, and Associated Mechanisms of Actions

“…Furthermore, in another human clinical study, Barnes et al identified five gallotannin metabolites (4- O -methylgalic acid, 4- O -methylgalic acid-3- O -sulfate, pyrogallol- O -sulfate, methylpyrogallol- O -sulfate, and catechol- O -sulfate) in plasma and urine. These results demonstrated the absorption of these metabolites in the colon into plasma and urinary excretion within 24 h of ingestion [ 39 ].…”