Body mass index and risk of obesity‐related conditions in a cohort of 2.9 million people: Evidence from a UK primary care database

Abstract

Objective Obesity rates in the United Kingdom are some of the highest in Western Europe, with considerable clinical and societal impacts. Obesity is associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D), osteoarthritis, cardiovascular disease, and increased mortality; however, relatively few studies have examined the occurrence of multiple obesity‐related outcomes in the same patient population. This study was designed to examine the associations between body mass index (BMI) and a broad range of obesity‐related conditions in the same large cohort from a UK‐representative primary care database. Methods Demographic data and diagnosis codes were extracted from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink GOLD database in January 2019. Adults registered for ≥ 3 years were grouped by BMI, with BMI 18.5–24.9 kg/m2 as reference group. Associations between BMI and 12 obesity‐related outcomes were estimated using Cox proportional hazard models, adjusted for age, sex, and smoking. Results More than 2.9 million individuals were included in the analyses and were followed up for occurrence of relevant outcomes for a median of 11.4 years during the study period. Generally, there was a stepwise increase in risk of all outcomes with higher BMI. Individuals with BMI 40.0–45.0 kg/m2 were at particularly high risk of sleep apnea (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval] vs. reference group: 19.8 [18.9–20.8]), T2D (12.4 [12.1–12.7]), heart failure (3.46 [3.35–3.57]), and hypertension (3.21 [3.15–3.26]). Conclusions This study substantiates evidence linking higher BMI to higher risk of a range of serious health conditions, in a large, representative UK cohort. By focusing on obesity‐related conditions, this demonstrates the wider clinical impact and the healthcare burden of obesity, and highlights the vital importance of management, treatment approaches, and public health programs to mitigate the impact of this disease.

The Comparison of the Effects between Continuous and Intermittent Energy Restriction in Short-Term Bodyweight Loss for Sedentary Population: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Trial

“…For example, in 1981, Shubin’s team claimed that the regulation of the wrestlers’ bodyweight through a hypocaloric diet would favor the working capacity and functional state of the athletes [ 39 ]. At the same time, since BMI is an effective indicator of the risk of obesity and overweight [ 40 , 41 ], the results of this study indicate that both CER and IER could effectively reduce the risk of obesity or overweight.…”

Allium cepa: A Treasure of Bioactive Phytochemicals with Prospective Health Benefits

“…An in vivo experiment was performed by Ji-Sook Lee and his colleagues on 72 overweight and obese people to assess the antiobesity effects of onion peel extracts (OPE) rich in quercetin, and the results showed that, after 12 weeks of regular administration of 100 mg of OPE capsules, there was a significant reduction in the body weight (from 70.0 ± 11.4 to 69.2 ± 11.4 kg), BMI (from 26.6 ± 3.3 to 26.3 ± 3.2 kg/m 2 ), and waist circumference (from 91.9 ± 7.6 to 89.9 ± 7.7 cm). According to the report, the antioxidant effects of quercetin are responsible for these suppressive effects [ 127 ]. Oxidative stress inhibits the cellular respiration process which reduces the energy expenditure in adipocytes ultimately increasing fat accumulation in the adipose tissue.…”

Senescent macrophages in the human adipose tissue as a source of inflammaging

“…A state of systemic hyper-inflammation has been also reported in a large number of age-related dysfunctions and diseases (ARDs), such as in obese subjects and in people affected by type 2 diabetes mellitus, T2DM [3,4]. In turn, overnutrition/obesity and chronological aging can synergize in accelerating the rate of inflammaging, thus suggesting that inflammatory mechanisms at the basis of insulin resistance (IR)/T2DM, obesity, and aging are very difficult to disentangle [5,6]. In the recent years, age-related accrual of senescent cell (SC) burden in vivo gained the spotlight, as it was demonstrated that their selective ablation in mice is capable to delay aging features in tissue and organs [7].…”