Body Mass Index and Marijuana Use

Warren, Matthew; Frost-Pineda, Kimberly; Gold, Mark S.

doi:10.1300/j069v24n03_08

Cited by 82 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…For example, studies in humans (183) and animals (21) suggest that changes in central DA may contribute to the development of obesity. Furthermore, some human studies report a decreased propensity to engage in the use of recreational drugs and a decreased frequency of substance abuse disorders in obese individuals (172,185). One implication of these findings is that obesity is capable of altering processes within the endogenous reward system of the brain.…”

Section: Insulin Leptin and Food Rewardmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insulin, leptin, and food reward: update 2008

Figlewicz

Benoit

2009

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

174

165

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The hormones insulin and leptin have been demonstrated to act in the central nervous system (CNS) as regulators of energy homeostasis at medial hypothalamic sites. In a previous review, we described new research demonstrating that, in addition to these direct homeostatic actions at the hypothalamus, CNS circuitry that subserves reward and motivation is also a direct and an indirect target for insulin and leptin action. Specifically, insulin and leptin can decrease food reward behaviors and modulate the function of neurotransmitter systems and neural circuitry that mediate food reward, i.e., midbrain dopamine and opioidergic pathways. Here we summarize new behavioral, systems, and cellular evidence in support of this hypothesis and in the context of research into the homeostatic roles of both hormones in the CNS. We discuss some current issues in the field that should provide additional insight into this hypothetical model. The understanding of neuroendocrine modulation of food reward, as well as food reward modulation by diet and obesity, may point to new directions for therapeutic approaches to overeating or eating disorders. motivation; food intake; dopamine

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Section: Insulin Leptin and Food Rewardmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insulin, leptin, and food reward: update 2008

Figlewicz

Benoit

2009

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

174

165

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“…Thus, on average, non-users in these studies are overweight, whereas Cannabis users are significantly leaner and are near the healthy BMI range (18.5 -25 kg/m 2 ). Further support for reduced BMI in Cannabis users comes from the study by Warren et al (Warren et al, 2005). Although Warren et al (Warren et al, 2005) did not report BMI values, they grouped obese patients by BMI.…”

Section: Results: Bmi Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Further support for reduced BMI in Cannabis users comes from the study by Warren et al (Warren et al, 2005). Although Warren et al (Warren et al, 2005) did not report BMI values, they grouped obese patients by BMI. The percent of each group that consumed Cannabis was negatively and linearly related to the BMI of the group (R 2 = 0.96).…”

Section: Results: Bmi Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To date, such a theory is lacking (Vidot et al, 2014, Gertsch, 2017. Proposed explanations for reduced BMI in Cannabis users include substitution of Cannabis for food in brain reward pathways (Warren et al, 2005). Pagotta et al (Pagotto et al, 2006) suggested that the sedative effects of high doses of Cannabis could reduce food consumption, but Rajavashiseth et al (Rajavashisth et al, 2012) observed detectable effects on BMI at usage rates of four times or less per month (25% of non-users were obese, whereas 16% of people who used Cannabis 1 -4 times/month were obese, P < 0.001).…”

Section: Previous Explanations Proposed For Lower Bmi In Cannabis Usersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…26.9 (831) < 0.0001 (Danielsson et al, 2016) Numerical data not provided; user BMI < non-user Not provided (Warren et al, 2005) Numerical data not provided; lower BMI groups contain more Cannabis users, R 2 = 0.96 < 0.02 Table 1. Published values of BMI for Cannabis users and non-users.…”

Section: (831)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Theoretical Explanation for Reduced Body Mass Index and Obesity Rates in <em>Cannabis</em> Users

Clark

Jones

Hall

et al. 2018

Preprint

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Abstract:Obesity is treatment-resistant, and is linked with a number of serious, chronic diseases. Adult obesity rates in the United States have tripled since the early 1960s. Recent reviews show that an increased ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids contributes to obesity rates by increasing levels of the endocannabinoid signals AEA and 2-AG, overstimulating CB1R and leading to increased caloric intake, reduced metabolic rates, and weight gain. Cannabis, or THC, also stimulates CB1R and increases caloric intake during acute exposures. The present meta-analysis reveals significantly reduced body mass index and rates of obesity in Cannabis users, in conjunction with increased caloric intake. We provide for the first time a causative explanation for this paradox, in which rapid and long-lasting downregulation of CB1R following acute Cannabis consumption reduces energy intake and storage and increases metabolic rates, thus reversing the impact on body mass index of elevated dietary omega-6/omega-3 ratios.Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted:

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The Toxicology of Cannabis and Cannabis Prohibition

Grotenhermen

2007

Chemistry & Biodiversity

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The acute side effects caused by cannabis use are mainly related to psyche and cognition, and to circulation. Euphoria, anxiety, changes in sensory perception, impairment of memory and psychomotor performance are common effects after a dose is taken that exceeds an individually variable threshold. Cannabis consumption may increase heart rate and change blood pressure, which may have serious consequences in people with heart disease. Effects of chronic use may be induction of psychosis and development of dependency to the drug. Effects on cognitive abilities seem to be reversible after abstinence, except possibly in very heavy users. Cannabis exposure in utero may have negative consequences on brain development with subtle impairment of cognitive abilities in later life. Consequences of cannabis smoking may be similar to those of tobacco smoking and should be avoided. Use by young people has more detrimental effects than use by adults. There appear to be promising therapeutic uses of cannabis for a range of indications. Use of moderate doses in a therapeutic context is usually not associated with severe side effects. Current prohibition on cannabis use may also have harmful side effects for the individual and the society, while having little influence on prevalence of use. Harm is greatest for seriously ill people who may benefit from a treatment with cannabis. This makes it difficult to justify criminal penalties against patients.

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Body Mass Index and Marijuana Use

Cited by 82 publications

References 21 publications

Insulin, leptin, and food reward: update 2008

Insulin, leptin, and food reward: update 2008

Theoretical Explanation for Reduced Body Mass Index and Obesity Rates in <em>Cannabis</em> Users

The Toxicology of Cannabis and Cannabis Prohibition

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