Body mass index and associated physical activity levels in 7 - 10-year-old children in primary schools in Port Elizabeth

Abstract

Background. Declining levels of physical activity coupled with the rising incidence of childhood obesity in developing countries are of health concern. Current daily recommendations for preadolescent children are to accumulate 60 min of moderate physical activity per day. In South Africa, physical education forms part of the life skills curriculum, but children have limited school time to engage in physical activity. As many obesogenic behaviours are learnt in childhood and track into adulthood, physical activity should be promoted at a young age and should be a research priority. Objectives. To explore and determine the association between body mass index (BMI) and daily physical activity levels as expressed in metabolic equivalent of task (MET) in 7 -10-year-old children in quintile-5 English-medium primary schools in Port Elizabeth. Methods. A quantitative, descriptive, one-way, cross-sectional design utilising random sampling was used. A once-off survey comprised anthropometric assessment of height and weight of 713 participants. Age-and gender-specific prevalence rates of overweight, obesity and underweight were calculated based on the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) cut-off points. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and χ 2 tests were performed. A validated once-off interviewer-administered physical activity questionnaire was utilised to determine daily energy costs. Results. The BMI of the majority of children fell within the norm and was coupled with high levels of daily physical activity (average of 893 METs). No significant relationship was found for BMI and physical activity (p=0.8). Conclusion. Daily level of physical activity is not significantly related to BMI in urban children from an economically privileged setting.

Results From South Africa’s 2016 Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth

“…For example in 10-to 14-year-old girls and boys, the combined prevalence of overweight and obesity were 23% and 10%, respectively, and in 15-to 17-year-old girls and boys, the prevalence were 27% and 9%, respectively. 9,47 Since the 2014 Report Card, in the absence of national data, regional studies corroborate the growing public health challenge of childhood overweight and obesity, 14,15,[48][49][50][51][53][54][55][56] especially among the girls and in urban areas. 14,49,57,58 Moreover, in a 20-year prospective study, South African boys who were obese at 4 to 8 years old were 19.7% times more likely to be obese at age 16 to 18 years, and girls who were obese at 4 to 8 years old were a staggering 42.3 times more likely to be obese at 16 to 18 years compared with nonobese children.…”

“…In South Africa, physical education (PE) forms part of the lifeskills curriculum, however, the delivery of PE in South African schools may be insufficient 23 and PE has lost formal instruction time to the lifeskills subject. 24 Time constraints, teachers' workloads, and staff reluctance to become involved in noncompulsory activities, were the main reasons cited for failure of implementation of PE in South African schools. 25 One promising initiative under the nongovernmental organization, Physical Education Institute of South Africa (PEISA), is the Physical Education Symposium report, 23 which outlines a "blueprint" for implementation, and recommends that support and monitoring be provided to schools.…”