Body mass index and age at natural menopause

Tao, Xingyong; Jiang, An-ran; Li, Yin; Li, Yingchun; Tao, Fangbiao; Hu, Huaqing

doi:10.1097/gme.0000000000000324

Cited by 61 publications

(53 citation statements)

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“…Hence, it may be that the insignificant relationship is due to a lack of clarity within the data. Although, the results do suggest that women who have smoked and have a lower BMI enter menopause earlier, which is in line with previous research (Ayatollahi et al, 2005;Bjelland et al, 2018;Gold et al, 2001Gold et al, , 2000McKnight et al, 2011;Nagel et al, 2005;Özdemir & Çöl, 2004;Parazzini, 2007;Sapre & Thakur, 2014;Tao et al, 2015;Wang et al, 2018), suggesting that the data are, to an extent, capturing significant behavioral and lifestyle influences on menopause timing even if women were only estimating when they experienced menopause. We also observe that women who have more children report an earlier ANM, and on average women who live away from their natal group have higher parity.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Covariates were held constant in each analyses and selected based on existing literature on the demographic correlates of menopause symptoms and timing, and also based on the data we had available. These included parity (Li et al, ; Mishra et al, ; Parazzini, ; Wang et al, ), whether the woman was financially secure over the past year (as a measure of socioeconomic position/financial stress; Lawlor, Ebrahim, & Smith, ; Schoenaker, Jackson, Rowlands, & Mishra, ), body mass index (BMI; Ahuja, ; Li et al, ; Maru, Verma, Verma, & Shrimal, ; Parazzini, ; Sapre & Thakur, ; Tao et al, ; Wang et al, ; Zhu et al, ), and smoking habits (Ayatollahi, Ghaem, & Ayatollahi, ; Bjelland, Hofvind, Byberg, & Eskild, ; Gold et al, , ; McKnight et al, ; Nagel, Altenburg, Nieters, Boffetta, & Linseisen, ; Özdemir & Çöl, ; Parazzini, ; Sapre & Thakur, ; Tao et al, ; Wang et al, ). In addition, age was included in the model when looking at symptom duration and symptom severity, and menopause status when looking at symptom severity, to control for the possibility that retrospective accounts of menopause may differ to current reporting.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Current ecology, not ancestral dispersal patterns, influences menopause symptom severity

Yang

Arnot

Mace

2019

Ecology and Evolution

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All human females who reach midlife experience menopause, however, it is currently unclear why women experience this period of infertility, and why it is accompanied by many unpleasant symptoms. Using primary data from four ethnic groups in China, we test an existing theory that age of menopause and its symptoms are the result of intragenomic conflict between maternally and paternally inherited genes, with the outcome of such conflict predicted to be contingent on the ancestral postmarital residence pattern of the female (Úbeda, Ohtsuki, & Gardner, Ecology Letters, 17, 2014, 165). The model predicts that being ancestrally patrilocal results in less intragenomic conflict, causing a shorter, less symptomatic perimenopause that terminates in a later menopause. Our findings show no support for this hypothesis and suggest current, rather than ancestral, residence patterns better predict aspects of the menopausal transition. Furthermore, current patrilocality when compared to duolocality is associated with more severe menopause symptoms, which may be due to sexual, rather than intragenomic, conflict. Open Research Badges This article has earned an Open Data Badge for making publicly available the digitally‐shareable data necessary to reproduce the reported results. The data is available at https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.27s8k0p.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current ecology, not ancestral dispersal patterns, influences menopause symptom severity

Yang

Arnot

Mace

2019

Ecology and Evolution

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“…These inconsistent results may be due to study populations that differed in terms of ethnicity and culture and the use of different analytical methods, and varying results across studies could also be due to variations in the samples or covariates included in models. In addition, cigarette smoking has been identified as a strong confounding factor due to its relationship with both a lower BMI and early menopause [41]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Menopausal Age and Chronic Diseases in Elderly Women: A Cross-Sectional Study in Northeast China

Wang

et al. 2016

IJERPH

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Many factors affect menopausal age, and early or late onset of menopause may be associated with many chronic health problems. However, limited data are available regarding this phenomenon in the Northeast China population. For this study, 2011 elderly women were selected as a sample from participants in a cross-sectional survey performed using stratified, clustered multistage, and random sampling methods. Early menopause was more prevalent in subjects born from 1943 to 1947 (OR = 1.708, 95% CI = 1.205, 2.420) and 1933 to 1937 (OR = 2.445, 95% CI: 1.525, 3.921) and in physical laborers (OR = 1.413, 95% CI = 1.021, 1.957). Women with less than nine years of education (OR = 0.515, 95% CI: 0.327, 0.812) and who were current smokers (OR = 0.577, 95% CI: 0.347, 0.959) were less likely to have late menopause. BMIs between 25 and 30 (OR = 1.565, 95% CI: 1.152, 2.125) and greater than 30 (OR = 2.440, 95% CI: 1.482, 4.016) were associated with later menopausal age. Late menopause was positively associated with diabetes (OR = 1.611, 95% CI: 1.142, 2.274) but protective against chronic gastroenteritis/peptic ulcers (OR = 0.533, 95% CI: 0.333, 0.855). Results showed that (1) Being born in an earlier year, having a lower education, and engaging in physical labor were associated with an earlier menopausal age, while a higher BMI was associated with a later menopausal age; and that (2) menopausal age was associated with diabetes and gastroenteritis in elderly women living in Northeast China.

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“…High parity (Dratva et al, ; Kaczmarek, ; Martin et al, ; Mishra et al, ; Morris et al, ) and oral contraceptive use (Kaczmarek, ; Stepaniak et al, ; Zsakai, Mascie‐Taylor, & Bodzsar, ) have been associated with later ANM. Inconsistent findings have been reported in relation to body mass index (BMI) (Gold, ; Tao et al, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

The influence of lifestyle, diet, and reproductive history on age at natural menopause in Spain: Analysis from the EPIC‐Spain sub‐cohort

Luján-Barroso

Gibert

Obón-Santacana

et al. 2018

American J Hum Biol

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Objective: To determinate the role of lifestyle factors, recent diet, menstrual factors, and reproductive history in age at natural menopause in adult Spanish women. Methods: In total, 12 562 pre-menopausal women were available for analysis from the EPIC-Spain sub-cohort. Women were recruited between 1992 and 1996 in five regions of Spain (Asturias, Granada, Murcia, Navarra, and San Sebastian) and, for these analyses, were followed for 3 years. Questionnaires on diet, lifestyle, anthropometric measurements, and reproductive and exogenous hormones history were collected at baseline. Menopause status was updated at a median of 3 years of follow-up. Results: After a median of 3 years of follow-up 1166 women became postmenopausal. An earlier age at menopause was observed in current smokers (HR: 1.29; 95%CI 1.08-1.55) and in non-users of oral contraceptives (HR: 1.32; 95%CI 1.01-1.57). A later age at menopause was observed in women with irregular menses (HR: 0.71; 95%CI 0.56-0.91) and in women with a higher number of pregnancies (HR: 0.74; 95%CI 0.56-0.94). Conclusions: Our results confirm that women who smoked had an earlier age at natural menopause, while use of oral contraceptives, higher number of pregnancies, and irregularity of menses were associated with a prolonged reproductive lifespan. No associations were observed for dietary habits assessed after the age of 40 years.

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Body mass index and age at natural menopause

Abstract: The results of our study indicate that increased BMI modestly associates with later ANM. The relationship between BMI and ANM needs further clarification in well-designed studies, especially studies well-controlled for smoking status.

Cited by 61 publications

References 50 publications

Current ecology, not ancestral dispersal patterns, influences menopause symptom severity

Current ecology, not ancestral dispersal patterns, influences menopause symptom severity

Menopausal Age and Chronic Diseases in Elderly Women: A Cross-Sectional Study in Northeast China

The influence of lifestyle, diet, and reproductive history on age at natural menopause in Spain: Analysis from the EPIC‐Spain sub‐cohort

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