Body mass cycling and predictors of body mass regain and its impact on cardiometabolic health

Cornejo, Manuel Alejandro; Ortiz, Rudy M.

doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154912

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 70 publications

(93 reference statements)

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“…Elevated BMI fluctuation may lead to excessive changes in blood pressure (BP), heart rate, and glycemic control that could impose stress on the cardiovascular system. Population-based studies have demonstrated that higher BMI fluctuation is associated with overall and cardiovascular-related mortality . Similar findings were reported in a National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey study .…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 86%

“…Population-based studies have demonstrated that higher BMI fluctuation is associated with overall and cardiovascularrelated mortality. 9,10 Similar findings were reported in a National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey study. 11 Additionally, BMI fluctuation has been reported as a significant risk factor associated with death and secondary coronary events in patients with coronary artery disease.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 85%

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Long-Term Body Mass Index Variability and Adverse Cardiovascular Outcomes

Almuwaqqat,

Hui,

Liu

et al. 2024

JAMA Netw Open

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ImportanceBody mass index (BMI; calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) is a commonly used estimate of obesity, which is a complex trait affected by genetic and lifestyle factors. Marked weight gain and loss could be associated with adverse biological processes.ObjectiveTo evaluate the association between BMI variability and incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) events in 2 distinct cohorts.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cohort study used data from the Million Veteran Program (MVP) between 2011 and 2018 and participants in the UK Biobank (UKB) enrolled between 2006 and 2010. Participants were followed up for a median of 3.8 (5th-95th percentile, 3.5) years. Participants with baseline CVD or cancer were excluded. Data were analyzed from September 2022 and September 2023.ExposureBMI variability was calculated by the retrospective SD and coefficient of variation (CV) using multiple clinical BMI measurements up to the baseline.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe main outcome was incident composite CVD events (incident nonfatal myocardial infarction, acute ischemic stroke, and cardiovascular death), assessed using Cox proportional hazards modeling after adjustment for CVD risk factors, including age, sex, mean BMI, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, smoking status, diabetes status, and statin use. Secondary analysis assessed whether associations were dependent on the polygenic score of BMI.ResultsAmong 92 363 US veterans in the MVP cohort (81 675 [88%] male; mean [SD] age, 56.7 [14.1] years), there were 9695 Hispanic participants, 22 488 non-Hispanic Black participants, and 60 180 non-Hispanic White participants. A total of 4811 composite CVD events were observed from 2011 to 2018. The CV of BMI was associated with 16% higher risk for composite CVD across all groups (hazard ratio [HR], 1.16; 95% CI, 1.13-1.19). These associations were unchanged among subgroups and after adjustment for the polygenic score of BMI. The UKB cohort included 65 047 individuals (mean [SD] age, 57.30 (7.77) years; 38 065 [59%] female) and had 6934 composite CVD events. Each 1-SD increase in BMI variability in the UKB cohort was associated with 8% increased risk of cardiovascular death (HR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.04-1.11).Conclusions and RelevanceThis cohort study found that among US veterans, higher BMI variability was a significant risk marker associated with adverse cardiovascular events independent of mean BMI across major racial and ethnic groups. Results were consistent in the UKB for the cardiovascular death end point. Further studies should investigate the phenotype of high BMI variability.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Long-Term Body Mass Index Variability and Adverse Cardiovascular Outcomes

Almuwaqqat,

Hui,

Liu

et al. 2024

JAMA Netw Open

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“…Restrictive dieting can lead to increased physiological drive for food and weight cycling, or “yo-yo dieting,” repeated dieting and cycling (MacLean et al, 2004). Dieting and weight cycling have been associated with cardiometabolic stress, poor cardiometabolic health, and increased appetite and glucose intolerance in mice (Cornejo & Ortiz, 2021; Rhee, 2017; Simonds et al, 2018). Maladaptive eating is especially influential in the context of weight stigma as one of the mechanisms in which people gain weight and become more vulnerable to further experiences of weight stigma (Tomiyama, 2014).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Constant vigilance: The impact of weight stigma, vigilance, and internalization on maladaptive eating behaviors.

Wetzel,

Himmelstein

2023

Health Psychology

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Objective: Weight stigma (social devaluation because of weight) and weight bias internalization (self-stigma due to weight) have been independently implicated in maladaptive eating, which ultimately contributes to poor cardiometabolic health. Additionally, vigilance (being on the lookout for social devaluation) is connected to stress, poor sleep, and depression. Most research considers these factors separately but establishing how these variables interact with one another is essential to understanding their cumulative impact on health behaviors. Method: Using a diverse national panel of adults in the United States (N = 1,051), this study tested several statistical moderated mediations in which weight stigma was both directly associated with maladaptive eating and indirectly associated with maladaptive eating via vigilance. We simultaneously examined whether the relationship between weight stigma and vigilance was moderated by self-stigma. Results: Results indicated that experiencing weight stigma was directly related to each of the maladaptive eating behaviors (eating to cope, restrictive dieting frequency, and binge eating). Weight stigma was also indirectly related to each eating behavior through vigilance; this indirect relationship was stronger among those with high levels of weight bias internalization, compared to those with low levels of weight bias internalization. Race moderated the relationship between weight stigma and vigilance, such that participants identifying as Black had a stronger relationship between them. Conclusions: These results provide support for a theoretical model which explains how weight stigma, self-stigma, and vigilance interact with one another to produce negative health behaviors and highlight the importance of further investigation of vigilance in the context of weight stigma. Public Significance StatementPoor treatment due to someone's body weight leads to increases in disordered eating such as restricting food, eating to cope, and binge eating. This study finds that one reason this might be happening is chronic stress and worry over the possibility of being treated poorly in the future. This is especially likely if somebody already thinks about themselves poorly because of their body weight.

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“…Obesity increases the risk of diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, multiple cancers, arthritis, and periodontitis, but weight loss can greatly reduce the risk of these diseases [ 7 ]. However, patients with weight cycling not only fail to maintain long-term weight loss but also have more free fat mass than the original level [ 6 , 8 , 9 ]. In an experiment involving 125 adults with obesity or overweight, it was found that multiple weight cycling was associated with fat deposition, especially in the central area including the abdomen and waist [ 10 ].…”

Section: Effects Of Weight Cycling On Tissues and Organsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies of the metabolic effects of weight cycling on pancreatic tissue have focused on the effects of weight cycling on type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Animal experiments and clinical experience have shown that weight cycling may be more harmful than simple persistent obesity in increasing the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease [ 8 ].…”

Section: Effects Of Weight Cycling On Tissues and Organsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Weight Cycling on Health and Obesity

Wang,

He,

Yang

et al. 2024

Metabolites

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Obesity is a systemic and chronic inflammation, which seriously endangers people’s health. People tend to diet to control weight, and the short-term effect of dieting in losing weight is significant, but the prognosis is limited. With weight loss and recovery occurring frequently, people focus on weight cycling. The effect of weight cycling on a certain tissue of the body also has different conclusions. Therefore, this article systematically reviews the effects of body weight cycling on the body and finds that multiple weight cycling (1) increased fat deposition in central areas, lean mass decreased in weight loss period, and fat mass increased in weight recovery period, which harms body composition and skeletal muscle mass; (2) enhanced the inflammatory response of adipose tissue, macrophages infiltrated into adipose tissue, and increased the production of pro-inflammatory mediators in adipocytes; (3) blood glucose concentration mutation and hyperinsulinemia caused the increase or decrease in pancreatic β-cell population, which makes β-cell fatigue and leads to β-cell failure; (4) resulted in additional burden on the cardiovascular system because of cardiovascular rick escalation. Physical activity combined with calorie restriction can effectively reduce metabolic disease and chronic inflammation, alleviating the adverse effects of weight cycling on the body.

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Body mass cycling and predictors of body mass regain and its impact on cardiometabolic health

Cited by 5 publications

References 70 publications

Long-Term Body Mass Index Variability and Adverse Cardiovascular Outcomes

Long-Term Body Mass Index Variability and Adverse Cardiovascular Outcomes

Constant vigilance: The impact of weight stigma, vigilance, and internalization on maladaptive eating behaviors.

The Impact of Weight Cycling on Health and Obesity

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