Body Image, Binge Eating, and Bulimia Nervosa in Male Bodybuilders

Goldfield, Gary S.; Blouin, Arthur G.; Woodside, D. Blake

doi:10.1177/070674370605100306

Cited by 66 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…This result is congruent if we consider that DMS was developed to evaluate the drive for muscularity, which is more common among those males involved in sport activities and particularly among bodybuilders [23,24]; nonetheless, this study only included university students and, therefore, it was focused on the psychometric properties of DMS in a community sample. However, the mean score in the scale (M = 1.87) was similar to the one obtained by McPhearson et al [20] of 1.97, yet substantially lower than that registered by Wojtowicz and von Ranson [22] in bodybuilders (M = 3.38).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 54%

Psychometric properties of the Drive for Muscularity Scale in Mexican males

et al. 2013

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This study refers to the evaluation of the psychometric properties of the Drive for Muscularity Scale among Mexican population. The exploratory factor analysis was carried out with 369 university males (mean age = 20.93 years). A three-factor structure that explains 45.64 % of the variance was found for the scale: 31.10 % by attitudes (α = 0.87), 10.70 % by substance intake (α = 0.72) and 3.84 % by training adherence (α = 0.68). Only the two first sub-scales and total score (α = 0.86) offered acceptable levels of internal consistence. The confirmatory factor analysis, carried out with 200 males (mean age = 20.79 years), verified both the suitability of this factor structure and the two-factor structure proposed by McCreary et al. (Psychol Men Masc 5:49-58, 1). Drive for muscularity is important in comprehending male body image and Drive for Muscularity Scale has demonstrated to be psychometrically suitable to assess this construct in Mexican males.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 54%

Psychometric properties of the Drive for Muscularity Scale in Mexican males

et al. 2013

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“…Body dissatisfaction among men has been shown to be associated with a number of health indicators, including depression, low self-esteem (Olivardia et al 2004), increased alcohol and drug use (Gadalla and Piran 2007) and disordered eating symptomology (Gentile et al 2007;Goldfield, Blouin, and Woodside 2006;O'Dea and Abraham 2002;Weltzin et al 2005). Although most research in this area has neglected to examine the role of sexual orientation, some literature suggests that body dissatisfaction is associated with similar health issues for gay and bisexual men 1 as for heterosexual men, including depression (Olivardia et al 2004), disordered eating symptomology and drug use (Brennan et al 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors associated with a drive for muscularity among gay and bisexual men

Brennan

Craig

Thompson

2012

Culture, Health & Sexuality

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Among gay and bisexual men, body dissatisfaction can manifest itself in the form of a desire for increased muscularity. Possibly in response to homophobia, the socio-sexual culture of gay and bisexual men privileges muscularity and may help to perpetuate a sense of body dissatisfaction. Little is known about factors associated with a drive for muscularity among gay and bisexual men. This study recruited participants (n = 400) at Toronto's 2008 lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender festival to provide data used to examine the relationship between a drive for muscularity and demographics (age, race, education, HIV status), psychological factors (depression, disordered eating, internalised homophobia, substance use), body mass, a history of childhood sexual abuse and sexual risk. Multivariate analyses revealed that a drive for muscularity was associated with age, disordered eating, depression, sexual risk and internalised homonegativity. These findings can be used to advance the health and wellbeing of gay and bisexual men, particularly interventions designed to mitigate the effects of internalised homonegativity and policies aimed at reducing homophobia.

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“…Normal-weight men are now displaying the desire to be more muscular and bulky, and are dieting to gain muscle in their upper bodies and tone their abdominal muscles (McCreary, Sasse, Saucier, & Dorsch, 2004). Although studies of competitive and recreational bodybuilders (Goldfield, Blouin, & Woodside, 2006;Hallsworth, Wade, & Tiggemann, 2005) and male collegiate athletes (Petrie at al., 2007) suggest that men who desire to increase their muscularity may engage in bulimic behaviors to achieve this goal, no studies of college students have examined whether this relation between the drive for muscularity and bulimic symptomology is common among male non-bodybuilders and non-athletes or among women. …”

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confidence: 99%

Do body image investment and evaluation relate to bulimic symptoms in U.S. collegiate men and women in the same way?

Pritchard

2014

Psychology of Men & Masculinity

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Although research suggests that body image investment (i.e., drive for muscularity, orientation toward appearance, preoccupation with weight or weight gain) and body image evaluation factors (e.g., negative evaluations of appearance, overestimation of current weight) correlate with bulimic symptoms, the magnitude of these relationships may differ between men and women. The relationship between bulimic symptoms and the drive for muscularity, one form of body image investment theorized to be particularly relevant to men, is understudied in college students. This study examined bulimic symptoms, body image investment, and body image evaluation in American undergraduate students (84 men, 198 women). Bulimic symptoms were negatively associated with appearance evaluation and positively associated with appearance orientation, weight preoccupation and weight overestimation in both men and women. Bulimic symptoms were positively associated with the drive for muscularity in men, but not in women. Awareness of the relationships between bulimic symptoms and body image investment and evaluation may help identify those at risk for bulimic symptoms.Keywords: sex, bulimic symptoms, the drive for muscularity, body image investment, body image evaluation Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by recurrent binge eating, followed by compensatory behaviors such as purging, fasting, the use of laxatives, enemas, diuretics, and over exercising to burn excess calories (American Psychiatric Association, APA, 2000). Bulimia nervosa can lead to a variety of health risks, including damage to dental enamel and gum tissue (Mehler, 2011;Pomery & Mitchell, 2001), gastro-intestinal problems (Mehler, 2011;Pomery & Mitchell, 2001), and death (Crow et al., 2009). Although eating disorders have long been perceived to occur primarily in women, 10-20% of all patients with bulimia nervosa are men (Joiner, Katz, & Heatherton, 2000;Jones & Morgan, 2010).Research on men with bulimia nervosa is sparse; however, recent studies indicate the number of men suffering from the disorder may be greater than previously thought (Herpertz, Kocnar, & Senf, 1997;Jones & Morgan, 2010). This may be due to changes in the perception that eating disorders only affect women (Herpertz et al., 1997;Jones & Morgan, 2010) and homosexual men (Jones & Morgan, 2010), or an actual increase in the number of men who are suffering from eating disorders (Morgan, 2009). Regardless, the number of men who are dissatisfied with their bodies and are taking steps to reduce their dissatisfaction is increasing (Morgan, 2009;Ryan & Morrison, 2009).When assessing body image, researchers typically focus on two dimensions: body image investment and body image evaluation (Cash, Melnyk, & Hrabosky, 2004). Body image investment reflects the degree of cognitive and behavioral importance that someone assigns to his or her body and appearance, whereas body image evaluation is a person's satisfaction or dissatisfaction with his or her appearance (Cash et al., 2004). Research suggests...

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Body Image, Binge Eating, and Bulimia Nervosa in Male Bodybuilders

Cited by 66 publications

References 36 publications

Psychometric properties of the Drive for Muscularity Scale in Mexican males

Psychometric properties of the Drive for Muscularity Scale in Mexican males

Factors associated with a drive for muscularity among gay and bisexual men

Do body image investment and evaluation relate to bulimic symptoms in U.S. collegiate men and women in the same way?

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