Body Fat Percentage and Normal-Weight Obesity in the Chinese Population: Development of a Simple Evaluation Indicator Using Anthropometric Measurements

Zhu, Yuetong; Wang, Zimin; Maruyama, Hitoshi; Onoda, Ko; Huang, Qiuchen

doi:10.3390/ijerph19074238

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…The problem relates not only to the gender and age divisions but also to the standardization of BMI values worldwide without taking into account the ethnic variation in physique caused by the climatic conditions in which the subjects live (different physiques of Central Africans, East Asians, or Northern Europeans). This is why an increasing number of authors are questioning the WHO classification of body mass abnormalities, especially in seniors or in gender comparisons ( World Health Organization Obesity, 2000 ; Deurenberg et al, 2002 ; World Health Organization Expert Consultation, 2004 ; Gupta and Kapoor, 2012 ; Bhogal and Langford, 2014 ; Chwałczyńska, 2017 ; Silva et al, 2017 ; Christensen et al, 2018 ; Mialich et al, 2018 ; Provencher et al, 2018 ; Chwałczyńska and Andrzejewski, 2021 ; Zhu et al, 2022 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fat–fat-free index in body mass assessment in young people

et al. 2022

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The study aimed to personalize the classification of body weight using the fat–fat-free (FFF) index with the percentage of body fat and to develop classification standards for the FFF index for men aged 18–25 years. Moreover, 1,642 adolescents (1,200 ♀) were examined. Using body composition analyzers, weight was determined, as well as overall and segmental body composition. Based on the obtained values for fat mass and fat-free tissue mass, an overall FFF index was calculated. According to the BMI classification, 9% of ♀ and 6% of ♂ are underweight, 29% of ♀ and 13% of ♂ are overweight, and 5% of the subjects are obese. Women and men classified in the same group according to BMI differed statistically significantly in terms of body weight, FM%, and FFM. In contrast to BMI and FM%, the FFF used takes into account the ratio of fat mass to fat-free tissue and muscle tissue mass. The proposed classification of FFF was made taking into account the differences that arise with sexual development and physiological changes occurring in ontogeny. Assessment of body mass using the FFF index should be used as part of preventive screening for the early diagnosis and prevention of overweight and thus many chronic diseases for which overweight or obesity is a risk factor.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fat–fat-free index in body mass assessment in young people

et al. 2022

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“…Normal BMI obesity refers to people with normal BMI and high PBF. Previous studies found this specific population was susceptible to metabolic disorders and PBF could be used to help assess the metabolic risk ( 16 – 18 ). Thus, it is more reliable to establish PBF as an index to assess the improvement effect of body composition in this specific population.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Self-managed weight loss by smart body fat scales ameliorates obesity-related body composition during the COVID-19 pandemic: A follow-up study in Chinese population

Huang

Shi

et al. 2022

Front. Endocrinol.

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BackgroundSince 2020, longer stay-at-home time in response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has changed the weight-related behaviors of Chinese population.ObjectivesTo explore the demographic and basic characteristics of body fat scale users and to investigate the changes in obesity-related body composition of overweight and obese users during COVID-19. Further, we analyzed the factors associated with successful weight loss and improved body composition changes in overweight and obese people.MethodsThe study included 107,419 Chinese adults registered in the smart app connecting to the body fat scale in 2020 to describe the demographic characteristics of body fat scale users by Unpaired Student’s t-test and Chi-Square test. Subsequently, overweight and obese participants with body mass index (BMI) of more than 24 kg/m2 were screened to investigate the independent factors associated with effective weight loss and improved body composition changes by multivariable logistic regression analyses.ResultsDuring the pandemic, the number of body fat scale users increased markedly compared with pre-pandemic. Over half of the participants were women and with normal baseline BMI. Based on BMI classification, multivariable logistic regressions showed that age, gender, measurement frequency classification, baseline BMI, visceral adipose index and skeletal muscle rate were associated with weight loss and fat loss in the overweight and obese population, with the high-frequency measurement being the most important factor for effective weight and fat loss. In the population with normal BMI obesity, younger age was the most significant factor for effective fat loss.ConclusionDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, participation in self-monitored weight loss increased markedly compared with pre-pandemic, and women accounted for the majority. We found that many overweight and obese participants achieved weight loss goals by smart body fat scales, and the effectiveness of weight and fat loss was greater in obese participants than in overweight participants, both based on BMI and PBF classification. In addition, promoting the usage of smart body fat scales could contribute to more effective weight and fat loss in the overweight and obese population based on BMI classification. However, in the population with normal BMI obesity, young subjects might be easier to successfully lose fat compared with the elder. Digital self-management by smart body fat scales could become a promising approach for the obese population with high BMI to lose weight and keep healthy.

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“…Obesity has emerged as a significant global health concern in recent times [ 13 ]. Extensive research has provided robust evidence establishing a linkage between obesity and an increased risk of KSD [ 14 – 16 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Further, studies have found that BMI is a poor predictor of body fatness due to its low sensitivity [ 19 ]. Instead, body fat percentage (BFP), defined as the ratio of total fat mass to total body mass, provides a more precise review of body fat composition [ 20 ] that may overcome the limitation of BMI [ 13 ]. In the last two decades, the World Health Organization (WHO) has recognized the discrepancy between BMI and BFP, especially in the Asian population where individuals tend to exhibit a higher BFP for the same BMI compared to other ethnicities [ 21 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the last two decades, the World Health Organization (WHO) has recognized the discrepancy between BMI and BFP, especially in the Asian population where individuals tend to exhibit a higher BFP for the same BMI compared to other ethnicities [ 21 ]. Thus, it is reasonable to posit that BFP as a more appropriate indicator of obesity [ 13 ], may also be a more precise predictive factor for development of KSD in clinical practice.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Association of body fat percentage with kidney stone Disease: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study among bus drivers

Zheng,

Chen,

et al. 2023

BMC Public Health

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Background The association between body fat percentage (BFP) and kidney stone disease (KSD) among bus drivers has not been explored in the existing literature. Thus, this study was conducted to explore the influence of BFP on the risk of KSD as well as KSD development for bus drivers to fill the research gap. Methods A cross-sectional and longitudinal cohort study was designed. In total, 3433 bus drivers were included in the cross-sectional analyses, and 1864 bus drivers without KSD at baseline and with regular follow-up were included in the longitudinal cohort study. Results During a median follow-up of 2.9 years, KSD occurred in 15.0% of bus drivers. Multivariate logistic analysis found that each 5% higher BFP was not only significantly related with higher odds of KSD (odds ratio [OR] = 1.48), but also associated with higher odds of developing KSD (OR = 1.27). The risk of prevalent KSD in obesity group based on BFP was 2.47 times of the normal group; and the corresponding risk of developing KSD was 1.61 times. For obesity bus drives with age < 40, the corresponding risk increased to 4.54 times. Conclusion Bus drivers were reported to have a high prevalence of KSD as well as development of KSD. As a significant predictive factor for KSD, BFP can be used to monitor and prevent bus drivers from kidney stone formation. Bus drivers in obesity group based on BFP, especially with age < 40 years should become priority subjects for targeted prevention.

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Body Fat Percentage and Normal-Weight Obesity in the Chinese Population: Development of a Simple Evaluation Indicator Using Anthropometric Measurements

Cited by 9 publications

References 41 publications

Fat–fat-free index in body mass assessment in young people

Fat–fat-free index in body mass assessment in young people

Self-managed weight loss by smart body fat scales ameliorates obesity-related body composition during the COVID-19 pandemic: A follow-up study in Chinese population

Association of body fat percentage with kidney stone Disease: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study among bus drivers

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