Body Composition during the First 2 Years of Life: An Updated Reference

Butte, Nancy F.; Hopkinson, Judy M.; Wong, William W.; Smith, E. O’Brian; Ellis, Kenneth J.

doi:10.1203/00006450-200005000-00004

Cited by 397 publications

(412 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…On average, %TBF in the 9-month-old infants is similar to the corresponding figure presented by Davies et al (1997), but higher than that reported by Butte et al (2000a). Percentage TBF in the 14-month-old children is higher than corresponding figures presented by others for 12-month-old children (Davies et al, 1997;de Bruin et al, 1998;Butte et al, 2000a).…”

supporting

confidence: 68%

“…However, Butte et al (2000a) recently presented slightly different hydration factors. Applying these factors to our children resulted in slightly higher %TBF in all groups except in 14-month-old girls, where a 0.1% lower figure was obtained.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Assuming that the amounts of protein and fat deposited by the infants studied by Butte et al (2000a) represent normal growth, and using the energy costs for deposition of protein Total energy expenditure and PAL C Tennefors et al and fat of 23.6 and 38.7 kJ=g, respectively, would result in the following energy requirements for the children in the present study: 332 AE 39, 332 AE 30, 320 AE 23 and 339 AE 29 kJ= kg=day for 9-month-old girls and boys and 14-month-old girls and boys, respectively. This in turn would result in energy requirements for the groups that are 17% (9-monthold girls and boys), 20% (14-month-old girls) and 15% (14-month-old boys) lower than current recommendations for dietary energy intake (FAO=WHO=UNU, 1985).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Total energy expenditure and physical activity level in healthy young Swedish children 9 or 14 months of age

et al. 2003

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Objectives: To measure total energy expenditure (TEE) and total body water (TBW) in healthy Swedish children 9 or 14 months of age. To compare their TEE with current recommendations for energy intake. To define their body composition and relate this to energy expenditure. Design: Children were investigated at 9 or 14 months. The following variables were measured: TEE and TBW (by the doubly labelled water method), weight and length. Total body fat (TBF), sleeping metabolic rate, activity energy expenditure and physical activity level (PAL) were calculated. Subjects: Thirty infants 9 months of age and 29 children 14 months of age. Results: TEE was 323 AE 38, 322 AE 29, 313 AE 23 and 331 AE 28 kJ=kg=day in 9-month-old girls, 9-month-old boys, 14-month-old girls and 14-month-old boys, respectively. At 9 months of age girls and boys contained 29.6 AE 4.8 and 29.7 AE 4.5% TBF, respectively. At 14 months the corresponding figures were 29.1 AE 4.3 and 28.2 AE 4.3%. There was a significant negative relationship between PAL and %TBF (r ¼ 70.81, P < 0.001, n ¼ 59). Conclusions: Measured TEE plus calculated energy cost of growth confirm previous estimates that the physiological energy requirements of children 9 and 14 months of age are 15 -20% lower than current recommendations for energy intake. One possible interpretation of the relationship between PAL and %TBF is that children with a high TBF content are less physically active than children with less TBF. However, this relationship needs further studies.

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supporting

confidence: 68%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Total energy expenditure and physical activity level in healthy young Swedish children 9 or 14 months of age

et al. 2003

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“…Unfortunately, no similar study is Figure 1 Comparison of body fatness obtained by the body water dilution method (%TBF-BWD) and by the skinfold technique (%TBF-SFT) according to Bland and Altman (1986) available for children in the age group studied in this paper. However, Butte et al (2000) have recently provided estimates of the degree of hydration in FFM for children under 2 y of age. The values reported for children between 3 months and 2 years are in close agreement with the corresponding values published by Fomon et al (1982), that is, those used in the present study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of body fatness in young children using the skinfold technique and BMI vs body water dilution

Tennefors

Forsum

2004

Eur J Clin Nutr

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Objectives: To compare body fatness estimated using a skinfold technique and body mass index (BMI) with body fatness estimated using the body water dilution method in healthy Swedish children 9 or 14 months of age. Methods: Total body fat (TBF) was calculated from total body water, estimated using the doubly labelled water method, and body weight. When expressed in per cent of body weight, these estimates (%TBF-BWD) represented reference values for body fatness. Body fatness was also calculated from skinfold thickness (%TBF-SFT) and as BMI. The children were ranked and grouped into five groups with an increasing level of body fatness using BMI, %TBF-SFT and %TBF-BWD, respectively. Subjects: A total of 30 infants 9 months of age and 29 children 14 months of age. Results: On average, the children (n ¼ 59) had a BMI ¼ 17.571.6 kg/m 2 and contained 27.873.7 %TBF-SFT and 29.174.4 %TBF-BWD. %TBF-BWD minus %TBF-SFT was ¼ 1.3574.06%. By measuring %TBF-SFT or BMI, about 35% of the children could be classified in the correct group with respect to body fatness. Serious misclassification (ie two or more groups too high or too low) was, however, more common for %TBF-SFT (29%) than for BMI (17%). Conclusions: The capacity of BMI to place children in the correct body fatness group was poor although not quite as poor as the corresponding capacity of the skinfold technique. The latter method produced inaccurate and imprecise estimates of body fatness.

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“…For comparative purposes, for example, reference data on infant body composition were taken from the study of Butte et al (2000) in which TBW was determined by deuterium dilution, and ECW by TBW and total body potassium data and the known concentration of potassium in ECW compartment. It shows that during normal growth between 3 and 18 months, the ECW/TBW ratio effectively decreases, reflecting an increase in the intracellular mass with maturation, and also that the percentage of body fat decreases (Butte et al, 2000). In our study, the ECW/TBW ratio index decreased in the Control infants, as expected, while it increased on average in the Stunted-at-18 months group, the trend of the change already being apparent at age 7 months.…”

Section: Controls (N=170)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Change in body water distribution index in infants who become stunted between 4 and 18 months of age

et al. 2003

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Objective: To evaluate body composition changes using bioelectrical impedance analysis and skinfold thickness measurements in infants from tropical areas who become stunted between 4-18 months of age. Design and measurements: Follow-up study. Extracellular water to total body water ratio index (length 2 /resistance at low to high frequency), peripheral fat (tricipital and subscapular skinfold thickness), and length-for-age index were studied at 4 and 18 months of age. Settings: Low-income areas in four tropical regions (Congo, Senegal, Bolivia and New Caledonia). Subjects: Infants were included in the analysis provided they were neither stunted nor wasted at 4 months. Two groups of infants were compared, those that were stunted at 18 months (n ¼ 61) or not (n ¼ 170). Results: The extracellular water to total body water ratio index and the sum of skinfold thickness measurements were similar in the two groups at 4 months, and only the extracellular water to total body water ratio index was significantly different at 18 months. When no stunting appeared between 4 and 18 months, the change in the extracellular water to total body water ratio index was not linked with variations in length-for-age, and presented the expected pattern of variation in body water compartments. When stunting occurred, variation in length-for-age was related to significant changes in the extracellular water to total body water ratio index, the biggest increase in the proportion of extracellular water being found in the most stunted infants. Variations in the sum of the two skinfold thickness measurements presented the expected pattern for the 4-18 months growth and did not differ between the two groups. Conclusions: Multifrequency resistances suggested that stunting was associated with a lack of the expansion of the intracellular compartment that is expected during normal growth of cell mass, together with preserved fat mass.

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Body Composition during the First 2 Years of Life: An Updated Reference

Cited by 397 publications

References 12 publications

Total energy expenditure and physical activity level in healthy young Swedish children 9 or 14 months of age

Total energy expenditure and physical activity level in healthy young Swedish children 9 or 14 months of age

Assessment of body fatness in young children using the skinfold technique and BMI vs body water dilution

Change in body water distribution index in infants who become stunted between 4 and 18 months of age

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