Body Composition and Condition Evaluation of White-Tailed Deer Fawns

Watkins, Bruce E.; Witham, James H.; Ullrey, D. E.; Watkins, Deborah J.; Jones, Jon Martin

doi:10.2307/3809239

Cited by 30 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…High correlations have been found between live mass and quantities of gross energy, water, crude protein, and fat (Robbins et al 1974;Huot 1982;McCullough and Ullrey 1983;Watkins et al 199 1). However, reliance on mass alone to predict body composition can yield spurious results (Watkins et al 1991), so it should be used with other condition indicators. We also examined marrow-fat and blood characteristics.…”

Section: Fatators Afl~cting Predationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wolf and bear predation on white-tailed deer fawns in northeastern Minnesota

Kunkel¹,

Mech²

1994

Can. J. Zool.

119

129

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1994. Wolf and bear predation on white-tailed deer fawns in northeastern Minnesota. Can. J. Zool. 72: 1557 -1565. White-tailed deer (0doc.oileus lir-ginianus) fawn mortality was studied during the summers of 1989 and 1990 in northeastern Minnesota. Estimated pooled mortality rates for 2 1 radio-tagged fawns were 0.44 for the May-June, 0.13 for the July-October, and 0.51 for the May-October intervals. Predation accounted for all mortalities, with wolves (Canis lupus) responsible for 5 1 % of them and black bears (UI-sus americanus) for 49%. Fawns from mothers >4 years old weighed more and survived better than fawns from young mothers, which weighed less. Of various related factors (doe age, doe mass, fawn mass, fawn birth date, and fawn blood serum urea nitrogen (SUN)), only SUN was significant between surviving and perishing fawns; fawns with low SUN survived significantly less. Fawn SUN may have been only an indirect indicator of a doe physical or behavioral factor that was more important to fawn survival. KUNKEL,, K.E., et MECH, L.D. 1994. Wolf and bear predation on white-tailed deer fawns in northeastern Minnesota. Can. J. ZOO^. 72 : 1557-1565. La mortalite dans faons du Cerf a queue blanche (0doc.oileus virginianus) ite itudiie au cours des ites de 1989 et 1990 dans le nord-est du Minpesota. Les taux de mortalite compilis chez 21 faons porteurs d'un emetteur radio ont it6 evaluis a 0,44 pour la periode de mai-juin, 0,13 pour la periode juillet-octobre et a 0,5 1 pour la periode totale mai-octobre. Tous les cas de mortalite ont dQ etre attribues 2 la predation par le Loup gris (Canis lupus) (51%) et par I'Ours noir (Ursus americanu.~) (49%). Les faons nes de mkres >4 ans etaient plus lourds et ils ont survecu mieux que les faons plus ligers, nis de mkres plus jeunes. Parmi toutes les variables associees aux faons (ige de la mkre, masse de la m?re, masse du faon, date de naissance du faon et azote sous forme d'urie dans le sang (SUN) chez le faon), seule cette dernikre variable accusait une difference significative entre les faons victimes et les faons survivants; les faons a valeur de SUN faible ont survecu significativement moins bien. La variable SUN des faons peut n'etre qu'un indice indirect d'une caracteristique physique ou comportementale de la mkre plus critique pour la survie des faons.[Traduit par la Redaction]

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Section: Fatators Afl~cting Predationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wolf and bear predation on white-tailed deer fawns in northeastern Minnesota

Kunkel¹,

Mech²

1994

Can. J. Zool.

119

129

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“…In addition to simple measures of body mass, condition has been assessed with many kinds of fat indices, since fat reserves are the primary energy store of the body (Price and White 1985). The kidney fat index (KFI = kidney fat as a percentage of total kidney mass) has been widely used for body condition assessment in ungulates (Riney 1955, Hanks 1981, Watkins et al 1991, Hewison et al 1996, because it captures a wide range of body fat levels (Hanks 1981, Caughley andSinclair 1994). KFI may be inappropriate, however, when seasonal variations in total kidney mass occur, as in northern temperate cervids (Dauphiné 1975, Torbit et al 1988, Anderson et al 1990).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…KFI may be inappropriate, however, when seasonal variations in total kidney mass occur, as in northern temperate cervids (Dauphiné 1975, Torbit et al 1988, Anderson et al 1990). The weak applicability of KFI for condition comparisons among seasons has been demonstrated for caribou (Dauphiné 1975, Chan-McLeod et al 1995, mule deer (Anderson et al 1990), white-tailed deer (Watkins et al 1991), and feral sheep (Van Vuren and Coblentz 1985). KFI appears to be an useful index only when there is no seasonal variation in total kidney mass as in roe deer (Holand 1992, Hewison et al 1996 or in between-year comparisons of the same season.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal fluctuations of body condition in northern sika deer on Hokkaido Island, Japan

et al. 2001

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2001. Seasonal fluctuations of body condition in northern sika deer on Hokkaido Island, Japan. Acta Theriologica 46: 419-428.We analyzed seasonal and sexual fluctuations in kidney mass (KM) and kidney fat mass (KFM) as indices of condition in Hokkaido sika deer Cervus nippon yesoensis Heude, 1884. For 76 male and 132 female sika deer, seasonal fluctuations in KM and KFM were given by fitted sine wave growth curves. Although the kidney fat index (KFI) is used frequently to evaluate animal condition, we reject it because it is based on the assumption that kidney mass is proportional to body mass in all seasons. Our data did not support this assumption. KFM is a better indicator of Hokkaido sika deer condition than KFI. Although sex-based differences in cervid KFM are said to reflect differences in reproductive cycles, the seasonal similarities in sika deer KFM levels may represent adaptations to the long severe Hokkaido winter. Because in our study deer populations were at low densities and had high pregnancy rates, our sine wave growth models can be regarded as reference for fat level fluctuations in Hokkaido sika deer.

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“…Each animal was immobilized with a combination of ketarnine hydrochloride and xylazine hydrochloride (Watkins et al 1990), sampled for blood by jugular venipuncture and euthanized by injection of T-61 solution (Watkins et al 1982). Animals were processed as described by Watkins et al (1991). The animals were bled from the neck over a tared container…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Body composition changes in white-tailed deer fawns during winter

Watkins¹,

Witham²,

Ullrey³

1992

Can. J. Zool.

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1992. Body composition changes in white-tailed deer fawns during winter. Can. J. Zool. 70: 1409-1416. Sixteen white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) fawns were captured near Chicago, Illinois, between November and April, and their body composition was determined, to investigate changes in body composition and chemical component distribution as they catabolized tissues over the winter. Live weights of the fawns ranged from 16.8 to 41.6 kg (31.1 f 2.0), and ether-extractable fat concentration of the bled, ingesta-free body ranged from 2.3 to 48.9% (24.5 f 4.7) on a dry basis. Carcass, viscera, and hide contained, on average, 70, 21, and 9 % of the bled, whole body fat, respectively. Above approximately 15% whole body fat (dry basis), the percentages of whole body fat contributed by the viscera and carcass increased and decreased, respectively. Body composition (blood-, ingesta-, and fat-free basis) averaged 72% water, 23% crude protein, and 5 % ash; ash and phosphorus concentrations increased and protein concentration decreased over the winter. Sodium concentration tended to decrease. Based on relationships between chemical components and body weight, the composition of weight lost during winter was calculated to range from 12% water, 84% fat, 4 % protein, and 0.5% ash during early winter to 73 % water, 0.3 % fat, 25 % protein, and 2 % ash during early spring. Calculated metabolizable energy derived from tissue catabolism was a quadratic function of body weight and ranged from 7.7 to 1.1 Mcallkg of bled, ingesta-free weight loss during early and late periods. WATKINS, B. E., WITHAM, J. H., et ULLREY, D. E. 1992. Body composition changes in white-tailed deer fawns during winter. Can. J. Zool. 70 : 1409-1416. Seize faons du Cerf de Virginie (Odocoileus virginianus) ont Ct C captures prks de Chicago, Illinois, entre novembre et avril; les variations de leur composition corporelle et de la rdpartition de leurs composantes chimiques ont ete evaluCes au cours de l'hiver, pendant le catabolisme des tissus. La masse des faons vivants s'echelonnait entre 16,8 et 41,6 kg (3 1,l f 2,O) et la concentration de graisses solubles dans l'ether chez les faons saignes et vides de leurs ingesta se situait entre 2,3 et 48,9%(24,5 f 4,7) de la masse skche. La carcasse, les visckres et la peau contenaient, en moyenne 70, 2 1 et 9%, respectivement, de toutes les graisses contenues dans le corps saignC. Au-dessus d'une valeur d'environ 15% des graisses totales (masse skche), le pourcentage des graisses contenu dans les visckres augmentait et le pourcentage des graisses contenu dans la carcasse diminuait. La composition du corps (corps vidC du sang, de la graisse et des contenus visceraux) etait d'environ 72% d'eau, 23 % de protCines brutes et 5 % de cendre; les concentrations de cendre et de phosphore augmentaient et la concentration de proteines diminuait au cours de l'hiver. La concentration de sodium avait tendance a diminuer. D'aprks les relations entre les composantes chimiques et la masse corporelle, la composition de la masse p...

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Body Composition and Condition Evaluation of White-Tailed Deer Fawns

Cited by 30 publications

References 26 publications

Wolf and bear predation on white-tailed deer fawns in northeastern Minnesota

Wolf and bear predation on white-tailed deer fawns in northeastern Minnesota

Seasonal fluctuations of body condition in northern sika deer on Hokkaido Island, Japan

Body composition changes in white-tailed deer fawns during winter

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