Representations of ships, sailors and seafarers are common in many ancient societies. They were carved, drawn or painted on a great variety of raw materials -stone, wood, metal, textiles and pottery -and can be found in settings such as caves, tombs or royal palaces. Their presence at these sites raises the possibility that these images of maritime life have symbolic or ritual connotations.This paper presents examples of representations of Phoenician and Punic ships from the first millennium BC, in an attempt to understand the role of both their creators and their audiences. These images are subsequently analysed in more detail, focusing on their technical features and their historical contexts. This paper concludes with a consideration of the social and religious aspects of ancient Mediterranean navigation.introduction Representations of ships, sailors and seafarers are frequent in many ancient societies. Navigation was a very common means of transport in antiquity; it was more efficient and safer than land transport and facilitated the moving of greater volumes, where this was needed. The representations of ships were carved, drawn, or painted on raw materials such as stone, wood, metal, textiles and pottery, and are found in a variety of contexts, for instance caves, tombs and royal palaces. This paper sets out to explore the symbolic connotations and ritual implications of these representations. We focus on a selection of ancient Mediterranean images, mainly Phoenician and Punic ships dated around the middle of the first millennium BC. 1 Moreover, to reinforce and enrich our arguments about Phoenician and Punic ship representations, we are going to refer to some Egyptian examples as their civilization is rich in such evidence.