Bluner-, Cile-, and Higreviruses (Kitaviridae)

Quito-Avila, Diego F.; Freitas-Astúa, Juliana; Melzer, Michael

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809633-8.21248-x

Cited by 19 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…CiLV-C is likely unable to overcome the myriad of plant defenses activated upon plant/virus interaction, which might prevent viral spread, thus restraining the viral infection in patches of tissues around the mite’s feeding/inoculation foci, where programmed cell death is further triggered. Although offbeat within the universe of known plant-infecting viruses, local lesions and the lack of systemic movement are common across members of the family Kitaviridae ( Quito-Avila et al., 2020 ). Likely derived from a common ancestor with nege and nege-like viruses ( Ramos-González et al., 2020 ), lack of systemic infection of kitavirids in plants might be a consequence of their unfitness in plants, i .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant Immune System Activation Upon Citrus Leprosis Virus C Infection Is Mimicked by the Ectopic Expression of the P61 Viral Protein

et al. 2020

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Citrus leprosis virus C (CiLV-C, genus Cilevirus , family Kitaviridae ) is an atypical virus that does not spread systemically in its plant hosts. Upon its inoculation by Brevipalpus mites, only localized lesions occur, and the infection remains limited to cells around mite feeding sites. Here, we aimed to gain insights into the putative causes of viral unfitness in plants by expanding the limited knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying plant/kitavirid interactions. Firstly, we quantified the CiLV-C viral RNAs during the infection in Arabidopsis thaliana plants using RT-qPCR and systematized it by defining three stages of distinguishing subgenomic and genomic RNA accumulation: i) 0–24 h after infestation, ii) 2–4 days after infestation (dai), and iii) 6–10 dai. Accordingly, the global plant response to CiLV-C infection was assessed by RNA-Seq at each period. Results indicated a progressive reprogramming of the plant transcriptome in parallel to the increasing viral loads. Gene ontology enrichment analysis revealed the induction of cell growth-related processes at the early stages of the infection and the triggering of the SA-mediated pathway, ROS burst and hypersensitive response (HR) at the presymptomatic stage. Conversely, infected plants downregulated JA/ET-mediated pathways and processes involved in the primary metabolism including photosynthesis. Marker genes of unfolded protein response were also induced, suggesting a contribution of the endoplasmic reticulum stress to the cell death caused by the viral infection. Finally, we transiently expressed CiLV-C proteins in Nicotiana benthamiana plants to undertake their roles in the elicited plant responses. Expression of the CiLV-C P61 protein consistently triggered ROS burst, upregulated SA- and HR-related genes, increased SA levels, reduced JA levels, and caused cell death. Mimicry of responses typically observed during CiLV-C–plant interaction indicates P61 as a putative viral effector causing the HR-like symptoms associated with the infection. Our data strengthen the hypothesis that symptoms of CiLV-C infection might be the outcome of a hypersensitive-like response during an incompatible interaction. Consequently, the locally restricted infection of CiLV-C, commonly observed across infections by kitavirids, supports the thesis that these viruses, likely arising from an ancestral arthropod-infecting virus, are unable to fully circumvent plant defenses.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant Immune System Activation Upon Citrus Leprosis Virus C Infection Is Mimicked by the Ectopic Expression of the P61 Viral Protein

et al. 2020

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“…ToFBV could not be transmitted mechanically to either tomato or a set of various herbaceous plants, and thus Koch’s postulates have not been fulfilled yet for this virus. Generally, kitaviruses share important epidemiological aspects such as symptomatology, lack of systemic movement and mite-mediated transmission [ 52 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of High-Throughput Sequencing and Two RNA Input Methods to Identify Viruses Infecting Tomato Crops

Maachi¹,

Torre²,

Sempere³

et al. 2021

Microorganisms

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We used high-throughput sequencing to identify viruses on tomato samples showing virus-like symptoms. Samples were collected from crops in the Iberian Peninsula. Either total RNA or double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) were used as starting material to build the cDNA libraries. In total, seven virus species were identified, with pepino mosaic virus being the most abundant one. The dsRNA input provided better coverage and read depth but missed one virus species compared with the total RNA input. By performing in silico analyses, we determined a minimum sequencing depth per sample of 0.2 and 1.5 million reads for dsRNA and rRNA-depleted total RNA inputs, respectively, to detect even the less abundant viruses. Primers and TaqMan probes targeting conserved regions in the viral genomes were designed and/or used for virus detection; all viruses were detected by qRT-PCR/RT-PCR in individual samples, with all except one sample showing mixed infections. Three virus species (Olive latent virus 1, Lettuce ring necrosis virus and Tomato fruit blotch virus) are herein reported for the first time in tomato crops in Spain.

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“…In addition to cileviruses, the family also includes members of the genera Higrevirus and Blunervirus ( Melzer et al, 2012 ; Quito-Avila et al, 2013 ). Kitaviruses have bacilliform or spherical virions, divided positive-sense single-stranded RNA genomes, and likely share common ancestors with arthropod-infecting viruses of the group negevirus and nege/kita-like viruses ( Roy et al, 2015 ; Kondo et al, 2020 ; Quito-Avila et al, 2020 ; Ramos-González et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Epidemiology of Citrus Leprosis Virus C: A New Viral Lineage and Phylodynamic of the Main Viral Subpopulations in the Americas

et al. 2021

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Despite the importance of viral strains/variants as agents of emerging diseases, genetic and evolutionary processes affecting their ecology are not fully understood. To get insight into this topic, we assessed the population and spatial dynamic parameters of citrus leprosis virus C (CiLV-C, genus Cilevirus, family Kitaviridae). CiLV-C is the etiological agent of citrus leprosis disease, a non-systemic infection considered the main viral disorder affecting citrus orchards in Brazil. Overall, we obtained 18 complete or near-complete viral genomes, 123 complete nucleotide sequences of the open reading frame (ORF) encoding the putative coat protein, and 204 partial nucleotide sequences of the ORF encoding the movement protein, from 430 infected Citrus spp. samples collected between 1932 and 2020. A thorough examination of the collected dataset suggested that the CiLV-C population consists of the major lineages CRD and SJP, unevenly distributed, plus a third one called ASU identified in this work, which is represented by a single isolate found in an herbarium sample collected in Asuncion, Paraguay, in 1937. Viruses from the three lineages share about 85% nucleotide sequence identity and show signs of inter-clade recombination events. Members of the lineage CRD were identified both in commercial and non-commercial citrus orchards. However, those of the lineages SJP were exclusively detected in samples collected in the citrus belt of São Paulo and Minas Gerais, the leading Brazilian citrus production region, after 2015. The most recent common ancestor of viruses of the three lineages dates back to, at least, ∼1500 years ago. Since citrus plants were introduced in the Americas by the Portuguese around the 1520s, the Bayesian phylodynamic analysis suggested that the ancestors of the main CiLV-C lineages likely originated in contact with native vegetation of South America. The intensive expansion of CRD and SJP lineages in Brazil started probably linked to the beginning of the local citrus industry. The high prevalence of CiLV-C in the citrus belt of Brazil likely ensues from the intensive connectivity between orchards, which represents a potential risk toward pathogen saturation across the region.

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Bluner-, Cile-, and Higreviruses (Kitaviridae)

Cited by 19 publications

References 9 publications

Plant Immune System Activation Upon Citrus Leprosis Virus C Infection Is Mimicked by the Ectopic Expression of the P61 Viral Protein

Plant Immune System Activation Upon Citrus Leprosis Virus C Infection Is Mimicked by the Ectopic Expression of the P61 Viral Protein

Use of High-Throughput Sequencing and Two RNA Input Methods to Identify Viruses Infecting Tomato Crops

Molecular Epidemiology of Citrus Leprosis Virus C: A New Viral Lineage and Phylodynamic of the Main Viral Subpopulations in the Americas

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