Bluetongue in the Indian subcontinent

Prasad, Gaya; Sreenivasulu, D.; Singh, Karam Pal; Mertens, P. C.; Maan, Sushila

doi:10.1016/b978-012369368-6.50012-5

Cited by 47 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Twenty-six different serotypes of BTV are recognized worldwide and distinct topotypes defined by closely related sequences of each genome segment have been proposed [19]. In India, 23 serotypes of BTV have been reported, identified either by serology or virus isolation, and eight serotypes (BTV-1, -2, -3, -9, -10, -16, -21, and -23) have been isolated from different regions during the last decade [4,5,8,12,17,22,26,28,30,33,36,37].BT is endemic in India. Multiple serotypes of BTV commonly circulate in the same geographical area, and can be isolated from the same flock or even from the same animals.…”

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Type-specific seroprevalence of bluetongue in Andhra Pradesh, India, during 2005–2009

et al. 2013

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Bluetongue (BT) is an infectious, arthropodborne viral disease of domestic and wild ruminants caused by bluetongue virus (BTV), which is a double-stranded segmented RNA virus. Of the 26 confirmed BTV serotypes, 23 were reported in India based on the detection of antibodies or virus. In order to assess the prevalence of different serotypes in Andhra Pradesh, serum samples which were positive for BTV by group-specific antibody ELISA were subjected to type-specific neutralization of BTV serotypes 1, 2, 9, 10, 21 and 23. Of the 52 samples tested, 50.0, 44.23, 21.15, 26.92, 0, and 15.38 % neutralized BTV serotypes 1, 2, 9, 10, 21 and 23, respectively. However, 32.69 % of the ELISA positive sera could not neutralize any of these serotypes, indicating that there could be other serotype viruses (e.g., BTV-3 and -16) circulating in the State. This method can be used for surveillance of the circulating serotypes as well as for assessing the level of herd immunity, and assist in determining the vaccine strains to be used in multivalent vaccines.Keywords Bluetongue virus Á Serotype Á Surveillance Á Virus neutralization assay Á Epidemiology Bleuetongue (BT) is one of the major economically important livestock diseases in India. The disease is caused by bluetongue virus (BTV), a double-stranded segmented RNA virus belonging to genus Orbivirus of family Reoviridae. Clinical BT is observed only in sheep, and not in other domestic or wild animals. However, antibodies against BTV are frequently observed in cattle, buffaloes, goats and some wild ruminants, indicating asymptomatic infection in these species [21,23,25,27,36]. Twenty-six different serotypes of BTV are recognized worldwide and distinct topotypes defined by closely related sequences of each genome segment have been proposed [19]. In India, 23 serotypes of BTV have been reported, identified either by serology or virus isolation, and eight serotypes (BTV-1, -2, -3, -9, -10, -16, -21, and -23) have been isolated from different regions during the last decade [4,5,8,12,17,22,26,28,30,33,36,37].BT is endemic in India. Multiple serotypes of BTV commonly circulate in the same geographical area, and can be isolated from the same flock or even from the same animals. Further, recent reports indicate the incursion of Western topotypes of BTV into India [12,17,18,20,29,31]. Therefore, the identification of circulating serotypes of BTV is important. However, virus isolation followed by serotyping is time consuming. In addition, by the time the viruses are isolated and the serotype is determined, new serotypes may appear, resurface or dominate, making it difficult to select the serotypes for incorporation in vaccines. An inactivated polyvalant vaccine has been developed in India using five serotypes of BTV (BTV-1, -2, -10,

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Type-specific seroprevalence of bluetongue in Andhra Pradesh, India, during 2005–2009

et al. 2013

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“…Twenty-six BTV serotypes have been recognized worldwide (8). Since the first isolation of BTV-1 in 1985 from Rambouillet sheep at the Central Sheep Breeding Farm, Hisar, Haryana State, India (7), 21 BTV serotypes have been identified in India, 10 by virus isolation and 11 by detection of specific neutralizing antibodies (13). Although full-genome sequences are available for two BTV-1 isolates on GenBank, one for a "rescued" reference strain (4) and another from China (16), both are of Western (w) origin.…”

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Full Genome Sequence of Bluetongue Virus Serotype 1 from India

Maan¹,

Maan²,

Nomikou³

et al. 2012

J Virol

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We report the full-genome sequence of an Indian isolate of bluetongue virus serotype 1 (BTV-1), strain IND1992/01. This is the first report of the entire genome sequence (Seg-1 to Seg-10) of an Eastern (e) strain of BTV-1. These sequence data provide a reference for BTV-1e that will help to define the phylogenetic relationships and geographic origins of distinct Indian lineages of BTV-1 as well as their relationships with other BTV strains from around the world. The availability of data for all 10 genome segments of this strain will also help to identify reassortment events involving this and other virus lineages. Bluetongue virus (BTV) is the type species of the genus Orbivirus, family Reoviridae (2, 12). It is the etiological agent of bluetongue (BT), listed as a "notifiable disease" by the Office International des Epizooties (OIE). The BTV genome consists of 10 linear double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) segments (Seg-1 to Seg-10), encoding seven structural proteins (VP1 to VP7) (9,11,14) and four nonstructural proteins (NS1, NS2, NS3/NS3a, and NS4) (3,5,6,15). Twenty-six BTV serotypes have been recognized worldwide (8). Since the first isolation of BTV-1 in 1985 from Rambouillet sheep at the Central Sheep Breeding Farm, Hisar, Haryana State, India (7), 21 BTV serotypes have been identified in India, 10 by virus isolation and 11 by detection of specific neutralizing antibodies (13). Although full-genome sequences are available for two BTV-1 isolates on GenBank, one for a "rescued" reference strain (4) and another from China (16), both are of Western (w) origin. It was therefore important to characterize the complete genome of an Eastern BTV-1 (BTV-1e) reference strain for molecular epidemiology studies.We report characterization of the full-genome sequence of the BTV-1e strain IND1992/01, isolated in 1992 from the blood of a sheep showing typical clinical signs of BT in Avikanagar, Rajasthan State, India. Viral dsRNA from cells infected with IND1992/01 was isolated using TRIzol (Invitrogen) as described by Attoui et al. (1). Full-length cDNA copies of each dsRNA segment were synthesized and amplified in a sequence-independent manner using the "anchor spacer-ligation" method as described by Maan et al. (10). The PCR products, corresponding to each of the 10 genome segments, were purified and sequenced directly on a 3730 capillary sequencer (Applied Biosystems) using "phased primers" to generate near-terminal sequences (10) and "walking, gene-specific primers" to determine the full nucleotide (nt) sequence.The sizes (in base pairs [bp]) of Seg-1 to Seg-10 from IND1992/01 are 3,944, 2,940, 2,772, 1,981, 1,763, 1,635, 1,154, 1,125, 1,052, and 822, respectively. The segments encode VP1 to VP7 with the following amino acid (aa) lengths: VP1,1,302; VP2, 961; VP3, 901; VP4, 644; VP5, 526; VP6, 330; and VP7, 349. The four nonstructural proteins are NS1, NS2, NS3/NS3a, and NS4, which are 552, 354, 229/216, and 77 aa in length, respectively. These data represent the first report of a complete genome sequence of BTV-1e, which r...

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“…This species, first described by Kieffer (1910) from Puri, has since been reported in various parts of India (Prasad et al, 2009). The pupa was described by Mayer (1934) from Sumatra, whereas the egg, larva, and pupa were reported by Narladkar et al (1991) without detailed taxonomy and illustrations based on recent terminologies.…”

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Description of immature stages of Culicoides peregrinus (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae),a potent vector of bluetongue virus

Harsha¹,

Paul²,

Mazumdar³

2017

Turk J Zool

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Mellor et al., 2009). This species, first described by Kieffer (1910) from Puri, has since been reported in various parts of India (Prasad et al., 2009). The pupa was described by Mayer (1934) from Sumatra, whereas the egg, larva, and pupa were reported by Narladkar et al. (1991) without detailed taxonomy and illustrations based on recent terminologies. Based on adult morphology, Nandi (2014) revised the genus and recognized 11 species under the subgenus Hoffmania, including C. peregrinus. Light trap data revealing a high prevalence of this species in proximity to cattle (unpublished data) prompted us to describe all immature stages with modern terminologies based on scanning electron microscopy (SEM). This taxonomic information about the immature stages will help to precisely determine the oviposition sites, to specify larval habitats and the differentiation of larval instars, and ultimately to adopt effective control strategies against this vector species. This paper describes the ultrastructure of the egg and larval instars and offers a redescription of the pupa. Immature specimens of this species are presently recognized by the random arrangement of tubercles in two broad dorsoventral longitudinal rows of egg chorion, epipharynx combs 2 and 3 absent in larvae, and weak sclerotized band on the antennal sheath and presence of palpus tubercle in pupae. Materials and methodsWild adult females of Culicoides peregrinus were collected by operating a downdraft UV light trap (Harsha and Mazumdar, 2015a) within a cattle shed at Adisaptagram (22°56′50″N, 88°23′08.3″E), Hooghly district, West Bengal, India. The live engorged females oviposited after 48 h onto a wet filter paper within a glass vial (6.5 × 2 cm). Thereafter, the embryonated eggs (confirmed by the presence of eye spots) were reared in two different rearing media. Some eggs were placed in petri dishes, with absorbent cotton provided as a substrate and mud broth + 2% yeast solution provided as food in an environmental test chamber at 26 °C (model CHM-10S; REMI Elektrotechnik Limited, Vasai, India), following Harsha and Mazumdar (2015b). Similarly, cattle manure (natural breeding habitat) was bought to the laboratory and a few larvae and pupae were hand-picked from the cattle manure and were subsequently treated for description, while the rest of the cattle manure was kept for the adult emergence. A few of the embryonated eggs were processed for SEM after Day et al. (1997); for differentiation of instars, 6-7 larvae were extracted every day from the rearing dishes and mounted on slides following Das Gupta and Wirth (1968). The different larval instars were differentiated based on measurements and several ratios of the head capsule. Eggs, larvae, and pupae were also studied under a scanning electron microscope (model S5 30; Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan) at the Science Instrumentation Centre at the University of Burdwan. Similarly, larvae and pupae were Abstract: Detailed descriptions of the immature stages, i.e. eggs, larvae, and pupae, of Culicoides peregrinus Kieff...

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Bluetongue in the Indian subcontinent

Cited by 47 publications

References 34 publications

Type-specific seroprevalence of bluetongue in Andhra Pradesh, India, during 2005–2009

Type-specific seroprevalence of bluetongue in Andhra Pradesh, India, during 2005–2009

Full Genome Sequence of Bluetongue Virus Serotype 1 from India

Description of immature stages of Culicoides peregrinus (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae),a potent vector of bluetongue virus

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