Blueberry Extract Modulates Brain Enzymes Activities and Reduces Neuroinflammation: Promising Effect on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Depressive-Like Behavior

Chronic and postprandial effect of blueberries on cognitive function, alertness, and mood in participants with metabolic syndrome – results from a six-month, double-blind, randomized controlled trial

“…Together, these data support that cognitive benefits of nutritional intervention may only manifest above a threshold of cognitive demand/load, suggesting a role for yet-to-be-confirmed mechanisms that alleviate stress response pathophysiologies. On the basis of a combination of in vitro, animal, and human data, we propose that such mechanisms may include the attenuation of neuroinflammation [ 48 , 49 ], mitochondrial allostatic load [ 50 ], and buffering of mental stress-induced vascular reactivity as recently shown following acute, dark chocolate intake [ 51 ].…”

“…This test requires relatively short-term, synaptic/initial memory consolidation, which is well described as occurring in the hippocampal region – with recent evidence specifically identifying a key role of the amygdala [ 52 ]. Interestingly, numerous recent animal studies have shown adaptations in neuroinflammation and neuroplasticity of the hippocampal region following blueberry extract or blueberry (poly)phenol interventions [ 49 , [53] , [54] , [55] , [56] ], which suggests this may be a priority area to focus on in future human studies.…”

“…That accepted it was notable that our participants reported a significant increase in calmness across the postprandial period (0–24 h), with peak levels reported at the 24 h time point. Interestingly, recent animal studies have shown antidepressant-like qualities of blueberry extracts [ 49 ], and in human studies, blueberries have previously improved positive affect measures (although not negative affect measures), suggesting mood improvement [ 36 ]. However, these effects have not been unequivocally supported [ 37 ], and the effects of blueberries on mood and well-being require further confirmation.…”