Blue Whiting Protein Hydrolysates Exhibit Antioxidant and Immunomodulatory Activities in Stimulated Murine RAW264.7 Cells

Abstract

This study investigated the antioxidant and immunomodulatory potential of six blue whiting soluble protein hydrolysates (BWSPHs, BW-SPH-A to -F) and their simulated gastrointestinal digests (SGID, BW-SPH-A-GI to -F-GI) in murine RAW264.7 macrophages. Hydrolysate BW-SPH-A, both pre- and post-SGID, increased endogenous antioxidant glutathione (GSH) in tert-butylhydroperoxide (tBOOH)-treated cells and reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) in H2O2-challenged RAW264.7 cells compared with treated controls in the absence of BWSPHs (p < 0.05). BW-SPH-A-GI also exhibited higher ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) activities than the other BWSPHs tested (p < 0.05). All BWSPHs and SGID BWSPH samples induced immunostimulating effects in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW264.7 macrophages through the upregulation of NO production. BW-SPH-F-GI increased IL-6 and TNF-α levels compared with the LPS controls indicating the liberation of immunomodulatory peptide/amino acids during the SGID process. Therefore, BW-SPH-A and BW-SPH-F may have potential use against oxidative stress and immunosuppression-related diseases, respectively.

Physicochemical, technofunctional, in vitro antioxidant, and in situ muscle protein synthesis properties of a sprat (Sprattus sprattus) protein hydrolysate

“…The FRAP activity of the SPH was significantly decreased following SGID (Table 4). Similar findings were reported for other FPHs, bovine protein hydrolysates, and whey protein hydrolysates which had reduced FRAP level post-SGID compared to pre-SGID (50,54,55).…”

“…However, it is possible that hydrolysis of peptides during SGID may have resulted in both a loss and gain of specific bioactivities, resulting in no overall change in the total bioactivity of the peptides in the SGID-treated SPH. The ORAC antioxidant activity of the SPH was higher than the ORAC activity described for other fish protein hydrolysates from channel catfish, pacific hake, blue mussel (Mytilus edulis), and blue whiting sources with ORAC values of 16, 225, 66.26, and 121.56 µmol TE/g sample, respectively (50)(51)(52). The SPH ORAC values observed herein were lower than the range described for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) trimming protein hydrolysates (601.47-882.58 µmol TE/g sample) (53).…”

“…In accordance with the antioxidant activity observed for the SPH herein, blue whiting (Micromesistius poutassou) protein hydrolysates and large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea) protein hydrolysates (MW < 3 kDa), which contained a high content of low MW peptides, presented O −• 2 and DPPH scavenging activity in vitro. Furthermore, they increased the activity of the antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) in H 2 O 2 -induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cells (50,63). In addition, numerous fishderived peptides have demonstrated the ability to modulate oxidative stress pathways in vitro (64)(65)(66)(67).…”